*괄호는 나의 개인적인 의견과 견해임 * 결론은 정답은 없음을. 인간은 불완전한 존재임을 . 모든 것에는 장단점이 있고, 장단점 또한 불변은 아님을.
서문
- 과거에서 미래를 내다보고 배우라 . 세상은 변했지만 인간욕구는 변하지 않았다. - - 그래서 변하지 않는 것들이 중요하다. - - 예로 아마존의 창업자는 이렇게 말했다. 값싸고 빠른 배송의 욕구는 10년 후 100년후에도 일정하리라 - - 그리하여 1000개의 평행우주가 있다면 999개의 우주에서 똑같이 성공을 이룰주 아는 사람이 되라 -
1. 운과 우연
- 운과 우연의 연속성으로 인해 미래를 정확히 알수 없는 인간 세상에서 가장 확률적으로 믿을 수 있는건 사람의 행동패턴이다. - 예로 기름값 상승 - 연비좋은 차를 찾게하는 욕구 증가 - 정치인은 세금우대 정책 - OPEC은 석유 생산량 증가 압박 받음 - 과잉공급으로 유가는 낮아짐 - 에너지 혁신도 이루어짐 - 통근 비용 절감으로 교외 인구 증가 - -위와 같은 시나리오로 전개될지 혹은 다른 양상으로 진행될지 모른다 . 하지만 과정과 결과는 다를지라도 기본적인 인간 욕구는 같은 확률이 크다 ( 이 또한 100%는 아니라 생각 . 인간의 삶의 환경이 변화함에 따라 다양한 욕구와 가치가 다양한 양상으로 전개 됨을 고려할 필요가 있다고 생각한다 ) ( 매슬로의 욕구 피라미드가 레퍼런스가 될 수 있다. )
2. 리스크
- 모든 시나리오에 대비하고 준비한 후 남는 것이 리스크이다. - - 리스크는 완전히 정복 할 수 없다 - - 결론은 메타인지가 중요하다. 나의 관점 그리고 지식이 제한적이고 편협할 수 밖에 없음을 인정하는 태도 - - 위와 같은 인지를 하며 살아가는 사람은 상대적으로 더 넓은 시야와 상대적으로 위험에 덜 취약 - ( 하지만 과잉 해석할 경우 쫄보가 되고 안정성만 추구할 수 있음. 세상은 진취적이고 도전하는 사람이 변화시켜 나간다. 하지만 그들 모두가 성공할 수 없음을 , 위에서 말한 운과 우연이 작용하여 소수에게만 성공의 자리가 주어짐을 인지. ) - 예측이 아니라 준비성에 투자하라 - - 상상할수 있는 리스크만 대비하면 상상하지 못한 리스크는 준비없이 맞이해야한다 -
3. 기대치와 현실
- 행복의 대전제는 기대치를 낮추는 것 - - 우리가 정말로 원하는 욕구는 기댓값과 실제 결과의 간극이 클 때 만족감과 행복감을 느낀다. ( 이런 욕구는 인류가 수렵생활 혹은 사냥을 하고 덫을 설치하며 결과를 기대하는 욕구과 감정 에서 발전 했을거라고 생각한다 ) - 현실은 통제가 어렵다. 그러나 기댓값은 스스로 통제가 가능하다 - ( 개인이 행복해지기 위한 방법들 중 하나는 기대치를 낮추는 것 )
4.인간
- 위대한 인간들은 통상적인 인간들과 다른 좋은 특성이 있다. 하지만 반대로 통상적인 인간들이 가지고 있는 좋은 특성을 가지고 있지 못하다. - ( 이 장은 스스로를 되돌아 보게 만드는 장이다. 나를 성공시킨 그 무언가가 나의 발목을 잡을 수 있음을. 이라고 해석하고 싶다. 그리고 사람은 항상 장 단점이 있음을. 사람 뿐만이 아니라 장점 과 단점 조차도 주관적이기에 나의 장점이 누군가에겐 나의 단점으로 비춰질 수 있음을 인지하도록 하자 )
5. 확률과 확실성
- ( 확실성을 원하는 인간의 심리 기전 또한 과거 나약했던 문명 이전의 인간에서 부터 비롯된 심리인 것일까 . 모든 것을 통제하지 못하는 인간으로써 필연적인 욕구인것일까 ) - 확률은 나에게 일어나면 100% . 안일어나면 0%. 백만분의 1의 확률도 전 세계 인구 80억 개개인에게 적용한다면 적은 확률이 아니다. - ( 조종사로써 확률에 관한 점에 많은 공감이 된다. 내가 할 수 있는 최선의 행동은 확률을 낮추는 일임을 그리고 특정 상황이 발생 했을 때 대비되어 있는 상황인 경우 대처 할것. ) - 인간은 확실성을 추구하도록 진화하였다. 불확실성 속에서 에너지 소모를 줄이도록. -
기본 플로우 / 기본 스탠다드 콜아웃 / FMA / 강하 PLAN / 복합적인 상황에서 PF가 주도적으로 상황정리 / 리빙콜은 필수 ( pilot descretion시 강하시작할때 리포트 리빙콜해서 리빙콜하기. )
TOD 강하플랜 ( CDA CDFA continuous descend approach ) 1. 공항으로부터의 거리 확인 2. 현재고도 3도 기준 높은지 낮은지 계산 ( 거리 x 3 ) ( 85nm x 3 = 255 FL 255 면 현재 FL 240이면 약간 낮은거 ) 3. GS 나누기 2 해서 0 하나 붙이면 3도 FPM임. 4. 현재 고도가 3도보다 낮으면 3도 FPM 구한 값보다 낮게 VS set , 현재 고도가 3도보다 높으면 3도 fpm 구한 값보다 높게 VS set 예시 ( 현재 55nm , FL 230 , GS 350 ) 3도에 맞는 고도는 FL165 , FPM은 1750 , 내고도 6500ft 더 높음. VS 3000fpm set 해서 강하해야함. fpm1250차이로 6500ft가 더 높으니까 3000fpm으로 5분 강하해야 on glide
실수사항 ( FO / PF ) 1.그라운드에서 ATIS 수신하고 altimeter / altimeter within limit 절차 2. ENG start 시 쓰로틀에 손 파지 하고 스타트 3. FMS 셋업시 WPT 확인할때 BULTI 까지 빨리 넘기고 , BULTI 부터 WPT TEDAN까지 읽으면서 , SKOTA 부터 빨리 홧인 4. ATC clearance 받을때 , 김포 딜리버리 KAL511T / KAL511T go ahead / KAL511T , req ATC clearance to YSU blah blah 처음에 콜싸인만 말해서 고어헤드 하면 요청 5. take off briefing 시 SID 관련은 1. Waypoint 2. CRS 3. distance 를 FMS와 FD pro 비교해서 체크 6. Req taxi 하고 taxi instruction 받을때 받아적지말고 FD pro에 그림을 그려라. AMM에 적던지 7. Cleared for take off 요청을 원할경우 , gimpo tower , kal511t , ready for departure 8.이륙시 throttle stabilized 는 한번에 딱 70% 대략적인 위치 알고 하기. 시간 지체시키면 안된다. 9. 3000ft , speed 230 , speed check , flaps up , speed 230 set ( 스피드 먼저하고 flaps up 지시해야함 ) 10. Heading vector 받으면 SID 고도제한 깨진거야!!!! 11. Climb thrust MCT 나오는거 보고 set 무의식적으로 콜하지 말것 12. altitude set은 다 돌려놓고나서 손가락으로 지시. 13. FLCH set , level change , throttle MCT , speed 000 set 14. 손은 throttle에 크루즈 말고는 항상 파지해 놓을것 15. 공중에서 FMS 조작은 exec staby 하고 exec 16. FMS 조작 후 exec stby , exec , exec LNAV 혹은 exec Lnav available , 17. 크루즈에서 랜딩 프리퍼레이션 할때 PF 는 TOD 시간 파악 및 브리핑 시간파악 및 강하계획 수립 18. 서로가 서로가 하는 업무 monitoring ( 주파수 set 주파수 맞는지 , ILS 주파수 맞는지 등 ) 19. Speed trend vector 이용해서 spd set 20. approach mode set 할거면 next altitude 구지 왜 셋하냐 하지 마라 21. 쓰로틀 지그재그로 해서 small correction 할것. 22. FLAPS LAND 전에 미리 쓰로틀 빼면서 Vref + 7kt 할것. 23. 강하 VS set , vs 1000fpm set , 쓰로틀 아이들 , vs 목표 fpm set 이런 시퀀스로 24. 리빙콜 무조건 해라. initial 디센 할때 리빙 콜 25.
주파수는 ACTIVE로 바꿔놓고나서 130.875 set / check 임
체크리스트 할때 눈으로 꼭 확인하면서 할것. 읽기만 하지마라
ENG START시 쓰로틀에 손 파지 해놓고 꼭 시동 걸것
ANP 프로시져 하고 HSI alignment 할때 , 주파수 미리 세팅해. 노는 시간 없도록. Flight control check는 천천히
Auto pilot 체크할때 요크 움직이면 바로 체크 . L - R - Down - up
1012 Hectopaskal / 2992 inches
TAXI는 앞에 해야할것들 고려해서 taxi speed 조절할것. 워크로드 매니지먼트
line check 는 map range 조절해서 waypoint 까지 보고 line check 할것
Inc control로 보통 50nm 15000-16000ft 에서 주파수 변경 됨
climb gradient 는 % 로 나오는데 , 1nm 이 대략 6000ft . 7 % 420 fpnm임. 4.5도 이상 피치 .
Captain은 thrust set 하고 v1 에서 쓰로틀 손 떼기.
3000ft , speed 000 증속 , flaps up
실수사항( CAPTAIN / PM ) 1. 택시웨이에서 마킹 싸인 라인 구분해서 콜아웃 ( 마킹 바닥 , 싸인 표지 , 라인 선 ) 2. Rwy designator marking 32L , FMS dep rwy 32L , heading 324 , MC 324 3. 런웨이 align 하자마자 바로 you have control 해서 FO 한테 조종간 넘겨줘라 4. Cleared for takeoff 받으면 landing light on PM이 하는거다 까먹지마라 5. 3,000ft 에서 flaps up 이라고 말해도 , PM은 speed increase 확인하고 spd increase 안했으면 , awareness 시켜주기 6. SID 진행중에는 waypoint 지나고나서 , next altitude set 하고 상승하기. 미리 set 하면 안됨 7. PF가 hdg & level change set 해도 무작정 PM은 무작정 하지말고, 틀렸으면 수정 지시 8. 랜딩 프리퍼레이션 할때 GND IDLE normal 하고 , ATIS 수신하겠습니다 you have ATC 빼먹지말자 9. 랜딩 프리퍼레이션 FMS set up 끝나면 Vspd cyan , baro set 빼먹지 말기 , 그 후 landing briefing 하면 descend & approach checklist 가먹지 말기 . 그 후 request descend 10. Approach contact 시 , passing 000 , descending 000 , information 0 11. 25마일 GS 위에있음 난 낮음 . 7500ft 3도 , 나 7100ft 400ft 낮음. 500ft 낮게 정도 유지각 유지할것. 12. APPROACH MODE SET 하면 , FTD에서는 PF 쪽 FMA 보고 콜아웃 13. GS captured 되면 00 mile , 0000ft 잊지마라 14. 타워 컨택할때 , 00mile, rwy 00 이렇게 콜아웃해라 15. radio altimeter 콜아웃 하기 FTD . 음성나오면 그냥 check 16. 전반적으로 PF의 플로우를 인지하고 팔로업 해서 놓치는 부분은 서포트 해주기
1. *** ATC clearance 받을때 , 콜싸인 먼저 말하고 , cleared 00 via 00 dp FL 000 식으로!!! 2. 애매하면 say again , say again altitude , cofirm via b1 b2 ****say again waypoint using phonetic alphabet 4 *** say again differently / unable to understand yout instruction say again differently 3. 발음 굴리지 말기 4. 런웨이 / 홀숏 / 웨이포인트 등 중요한 아이템 천천히 명확하게 5. Maintain 중일때 , 고도 떠나거나 고도 지시 받으면 , leaving 5500ft climbing FL 200 *** TEST 중 maintain 5500ft 받고 , climb descend 받으면 leaving 5500ft 목표고도 콜아웃 6. 서울어프로치 이니셜 컨택 : 너 / 나 / 기종 / ATIS / IDENT 7. 일반 어프로치 이니셜 컨택 : 너/ 나 / 고도 / waypoint / ATIS 8.어프로치 컨택시 , leaving 000 descending 000 9. 대형기 initial call 할때 , heavy 붙이기 10. traffic information 받아적기 11. waypoint 이름 잘 모르면 , say again using phonetic alphabet 12. 이니셜 컨택 이후엔 그냥 에이프런 , 타워 , 컨트롤 , 디파쳐로 부르기 13. 디파쳐 이니셜 컨택 : 서울디파처 / ke 123 / passing 1000ft climbing 0000 / egoba 1w departure 14. 어프로치가 cleared ILS 15r approach 주면, approach , ke 123 , establish final course 15R 콜 15. Taxi 조언 시 1. Negative 2. Slow down 3. Stop ** 인천 딜리버리 , 인천 에이프런 , 인천 타워 , 서울 디파쳐 , 인천 컨트롤 ** 인천 대구 컨트롤 , 서울 어프로치 , 인천 타워 , 인천 에이프런 16: ke905 heavy ATC 컨택시 헤비 붙이기 ***17. 어프로치가 depart 국도 , then hdg speed alt 지시 줄수 있음. ** cleared approach 받으면 , establish ils rwy 33r 보고 하기 *** maintain speed 180kt or greater until advised 잘듣기 *** direct rabbit , report 10nm rabbit , rabbit at FL 170 **** case study : 랜딩 후 taxi via C J 했는데 hold short K 주면, verify K 할것. 속임수 일지도 . *** taxing on B 등으로 이니셜 컨택 할수 있음.
인천 아웃바운드 INCHEON DELIVERY
Incheon delivery , ke 123 , 1.request atc clearance to 000 airport , 2.proposing altitude FL000 , 3.gate 000 , 4.information A , 5. B737
Ke 123 , cleared to 000 via egoba 1g , rwy 35 , y711 , FL250 , departure frequency 125.15 , SQ 4567 , report fully ready .
Delivery , ke 123, cleared to 000 via 00 dp , rwy35 , y711 ,FL250 , sq 4567, we are fully ready 해야 contact apron 000.00 주파수 줌
유의사항: fully ready 조건 ( 1. 모든 문 close 2. 브릿지 disconnected 3. 객실 준비완료 4. ground 준비 초크 화물 토잉카 ) / due to flow control , airborne time will be 000 /
유의사항:활주로 변경 요청 : request departure runway 35 due to performance
유의사항:푸쉬백 딜레이 시간 확인 : request push back time
유의사항:이니셜 컨택 이후엔 그냥 딜리버리 , 타워 , 그라운드 , 디퍼쳐로 부르기
유의사항: gate ( 브릿지 ) / stand ( 브릿지 , 버스 ) , spot ( 버스 )
INCHEON APRON
인천 apron , ke 123 , 1.request push back and engine start , 2. gate or stand
ke 123, push back and eng start approved / push back approved stand by start up /
push back and start up approved ,ke 123
apron , ke 123, request taxi ( 인천 , 김포 택시는 APRON 에게 요청 )
ke123, taxi to 9w via rc r12
taxi to 9w via rc , r12 , ke 123
유의사항 : make a long push back , facing S W N E , tail N E S W , abeam gate 123 , heading 123
유의사항 : PDC로 클리어런스 받은경우 delivery contact 없이 , APRON 컨택하여 incheon apron , ke 123 , we have PDC clearance , request push back and engine start , gate 123
유의사항 : ramp 는 FAA , apron ICAO ( ramp는 movement area 아님 , 즉 이벤트시 조종사 책임 )
GROUND
ground , ke 123, request taxi
ke 123, taxi to rwy 33r via c d hold short of p
taxi to rwy 33r via c d hold short of p , ke213
ke 123 , contact tower 123,12
contact tower 213. 12
유의사항: follow the green ( taxi on the green )
유의사항: 택시 도중 정지가 필요할 시 , 정지 후 atc에게 we are checking system for 1 min 3 min 등으로 보고
유의사항: right on green 오른쪽 green light 를 따라 택싱
유의사항: expedite , no delay , give way to traffic , without delay
유의사항: TAXI 불분명 할시 , request progressive taxi
INCHEON TOWER
incheon tower , ke 123 , hold short of p
ke123, incheon tower , rwy 33r cleared for take off , wind 33030kt
rwy 33r cleared for take off
유의사항: ke 213 , cleared for take off rwy 33r , after departure fly heading 000 climb to 2000ft .
유의사항: tower , request indersection departure rwy 33r via b2
유의사항: ke 123, do you accept intersection departure rwy 33r via b2?
유의사항: unable , we need full length departure / affirm ,
ke 123 , radar contact , climb via sid FL 320 cancel level restriction ,
departure , ke 123 , request further climb
ke 123 , contact incheon control . 123.123
contact incheon control 123.123
유의사항: cancel speed restriction / no speed restriction / cancel level restriction / no level restriction
유의사항: 속도 고도 둘다 취소는 unrestricted climb / unrestricted descend / cancel speed and levele restriction
유의사항: 10,000ft 미만 250kt 못지키는 경우 incheon control / seoul arrival / incheon approach , we are maintaining 270kt below 10,000ft due to performance
ICN CONTROL
incheon control , ke 123 , passing FL 200 climb to FL 320 direct to 00
ke 213, radar contact . ( radar contact 라고 하면 , 콜싸인은 말해줘야함 )
ke 213
포지션 리포트 : icn control , ke 123 , FL 350 , direct olmen
포지션 리포트 ( non radar ) : icn control , ke 123 , FL 350 , direct olmen , olmen ETA 00: 00 , next KUNDA , KUNDA ETA 00: 00
유의사항 : maintain maximum forward speed
유의사항: reduce speed by 20kt
유의사항: increase speed by 20 kt
유의사항: maintain minimum practical speed
유의사항: maintain minimum approach speed
유의사항: Wx deviation 할때, incheon control , ke 123 , request Wx deviation up to 10nm right or left of the track / request offset 10nm right or left of the track due to Wx
유의사항 : 순항고도 FL 390 요청시 , request FL 390 as final
인천 인바운드
TGU CONTROL
daegu control , ke 123 , FL 300
ke123 , radar contact , descend to FL 170
desend to FL 170 , leaving FL 300 , ke 123
contact seoul 119.75 , ke 123
ARRIVAL
유의사항: pilot discretion 포함하는 4가지 관졔 ( 1. ke123 , cross 000 at FL 000 / 2. ke 123 , descend to reach FL 000 by 000 / 3. ke 123 , when ready , direct 0000 , cross 000 at FL 000 / 4. 0000000 at pilot discretion )
** descend to FL 000 는 pilot discretion X , descend to reach FL 000 by 000 = pilot discretion
유의사항: 10,000ft 아래에서 속도 270kt 유지하라고 하는 경우 ke 123, maintain speed 270kt - approach , ke 123 , verify speed 270kt below 10,000ft
유의사항 : 10,000ft 아래에서 속도 270kt 유지 해야만 하는 경우 approach , ke123 , maintain speed 270kt below 10,000ft due to performance
유의사항: 어떠한 지시라도 10,000ft 미만 250kt 이하 속도 제한은 무조건 지켜야함 . 직접적인 cancel 지시가 없는 한 . 직접적은 지시는 cancel speed restriction below 10,000ft 라고 줌 .
유의사항: STAR 는 RABBIT , GUKDO , KARBU , OLMEN , PULEG
SEOUL APPROACH
seoul approach , ke 123 , b737 , IDENT
ke 123, seoul approach , radar contact , cleared rabbit 1 h arrival , expect rwy 16r approach
cleared rabbit 1 h , expect rwy 16r , ke 123
ke 123 , approach , descend to 7000ft , cancel level restriction , qnh 1028
descend to 7000ft, cancel level restriction , qnh 1028
ke 123, descend 1600ft , cancel level restriction
descend 1600ft , cancel level restriction , ke 123
ke 123 , direct munan , cleared ILS 16r approach
direct munan , cleared ILS 16r appraoch , ke 123
ke123 . contact ICN tower , 118. 8
contact ICN tower 118.8
유의사항 :ICAO : cleared approach 를 받으면 , 따로 속도 취소 지시가 있지 않는 한 , 속도제한사항이 취소 되지 않음 ( 4nm from threshold 까지 유지 ) / FAA : cleared approach 받으면 종전 지시사항 다 취소 . 차트를 따를 것
The most important things are 1S 2C Slowly , concisely , clearly COMMUNICATION LOOP: atc clearance - pilot readback - atc hearback ATC BASIC on ground 에서 기본 구조 : 너/나with heavy , super/position/요구사항 airborned에서 기본 구조 : 너/나 with heavy , super / 고도 or 상승 하강시 지나는 고도 and 목표고도 . 속도는 assigned 받은 경우만 . BASIC OF ATC IRREGULAR 1. Where am i 2. Where am i heading to 3. What is the next 4. Verify whenever in doubt CONDITIONAL CLEARANCE
Case study : kal 000 , behind b747 on short final , line up runway 27 , behind
Take off 라는 ATC 용어 사용은 단 2가지 경우에만 사용Cleared for take off / cancel take off clearance 나머진 departure or airborn 이라는 용어로 대체 . 이유는 irr 발생 요인을 줄이기 위함.
ICAO에서 많이 사용 .
구조 - call sign + condition + clearance + reiteration of the condition
UK의 경우 reiteration of the condition이 빠져 있어도 conditional clearance 로 사용 .
이니셜 컨택시 차트 주파수에 이름 명시 되어 있지 않으면 , 앞에 명시된 이름 인용할것. 아래 참조
김포 apron / 김포 ground / 김포 tower /
비행 단계별 ATC 고려사항 CLEARANCE
FAA clearance 의 구조는 다음과 같다. 1. call sign 2. Clearance limit 3. Dp 4. Route 5. Altitude ( initial and final or top ) / FAA 에서 expect altitude는 two way radio fail 시 사용가능 한 고도
clearance void time 이란 clearance 가 취소되는 시간 void time 이후로는 clearance 무효함 .
ICAO clearance 의 구조는 다음과 같다. 1. a/c id 2. Clearance limit 3. Sid 4. Initial level altitude
Lost comm 절차는 chart에 기입 되어 있음. 없다면 standard lost comm 절차를 따라 항행할것.
PUSH BACK
push back instruction case stiudy : ke 002 , push back approved , 1. Tail east 2. Face toward north , 3. Make long push back , 4. On blue
TAXI
지상 활주시 의심스러운 상황 조우시 , 1. STOP 2. VERIFY
Rwy 까지 taxi instruction recieve 시 * active rwy or closed rwy 등 상관 없이 활주로 cross 는 무조건 instruction을 받아야함 . hold short of rwy00 / cross rwy 00 . 지시를 못받은 경우 confirm or verify cross rwy 00
Taxi instructuion은 taxiway 그 어느 무엇도 생략해선 안됨. ATC가 생략한 경우 verify 하고 진행 할것 .
Case study : ke 002 runway 35 , taxi via A and B hold short of rwy 17 발부 받으면 , taxi to rwy 35 via A and B holding short of rwy 17 ke 002 라고 리드백 ( hold short -> 리드백은 holding short )
FAA는 back taxi 사용 / ICAO는 back track 용어 사용
FAA는 line up and wait rwy 00/ ICAO는 line up rwy 00
TAKE OFF
Ke 002 line up and wait rwy 35 받으면 , 리드백은 lining up ke 002 ( line up and wait -> 리드백 lining up )
구조는 rwy + cleared + rwy 00
Case study : ke 002 be ready for immediate departure ( 즉시 이륙 준비가 되도록 해라는 의미 )
Canellation take off clearance 는 ke002 cnacel takeoff clearance + reason / take off roll 도중 이륙취소상황 - ke 002 stop immediately
DEPARTURE
ATC report 시 climbing or climb to FL 000 언제 어떻게 사용하는지 근거 확인
departure 컨택시 sid 부여 받으면 sid도 같이 report .
Case study : seoul departure ke001 passing 1,500ft gukdo 2 dp climbing 12 thousand .
top altitude 는 maintain FL000 이라고 ATC를 부여 ( case study : climb via SID , except maintain FL 000
FAA case study : ke002, cleared to rksi , hudad 1 dp , climb via SID , expect FL220 after 10 min or climb via SID except maintain 8,000ft / expect 의 경우 radio fail 시 사용하는 고도 이며 , except maintain 8,000ft의 경우 SID를 준수하지만 최종고도는 8,000ft 로 변경됨을 고지한것 . CLIMB VIA 000SID 라는 ATC 용어는 FAA에서만 사용한다. 대한민국에서는 climb via sid 사용하지 않음.
ICAO study case : ke123 , cleared to jfk , off 33L , via SEL 1 S dp , G597 , FL230 SQ 7175 , Dp freq 125.15 라고 지시 받은 경우 SEL 1 S dp 제한사항인 do not climb above 7,000ft unless cleared by ATC 를 지켜 , 7,000ft 까지 상승하며 , 중간의 고도 제한사항들을 다 지켜야 한다. * SID 에는 속도 고도에 관해 자체 제한사항이 있을수 있으므로 필히 확인할것
속도 취소 ATC standard 용어는 FAA : delete speed restrictions ICAO : no speed restrictions
고도 취소 ATC standard 용어는 ICAO : level restrictions canceled .
김포 인천 제주 공항은 ICAO ATC를 사용. 나머지 공항은 FAA / case study : ICN departure 에서 climb and maintain FL 250 받으면 SID 에 나오는 고도제한 을 준수하며 top altitude를 FL250 으로 한다. 2. Gimhae departure에서 climb and maintain FL 250 받으면 FAA를 따르기 때문에 고도 제한사항 다 취소 되면 FL250으로 directly climb 한다.
ENROUTE
initial contact 시 , 너 / 나 + heavy or super / 고도 / 속도는 지시 받은 경우 / etc turb 등등
팔라우 공항 가는 경우 cruise clearance는 ke 002 , atc cleared cruise FL 350 to KOROR /
Ke002 , cross gukdo at FL 160 지시를 받으면 , descend 은 pilot descretion 으로 수행 가능함을 내포함.
이전 제한 고도 제한사항에 새로 고도제한사항을 부여 받으면 , 최초 부여받은 고도 제한 사항은 취소된다. case study : ke 002 , cross gukdo at FL 160 -> ke 002 , cleared gukdo 1H arrival , descend to FL 150 받으면 , 마지막 지시 받은 고도제한 사항만 유효 . case study 2 : ke 002 , cross CJU at FL 330 -> ke 002 , descend now to FL 350 due to traffic 받으면 마지막 지시받은 FL350 즉시하강 지시만 유효함 .
DESCENT AND ARRIVAL
강하는 atc 지시 받은 즉시 할것 ( pilot discretion 은 예외 )
최소 500fpm 강하율로 하강할것 ( 불이행 혹은 불가시에 ACT 보고 )
지시 받은 고도 이외의 고도에서 level off 는 불허 ( 필요시 10,000ft 속도 250kt 조건 유지를 위한 임시 레벨오프는 가능 )
pilot discretions 를 포함하는 ATC 지시는 다음과 같음
1. cross fix at 000ft
2. Descend to reach 000ft by 000 fix
3.descend 000ft be leveled by 000 fix
4. When ready descend to 000ft
** pilot discretion 이란 1. 강하시점 2. 임시 level off 를 가능하게 한다.
case study : kal123 , cross cju at FL330 지시 받은 이후 kal 123, descend to FL 350 due to traffic 지시 받고 하강하면 , 마지막 지시받은 ATC 만 유효함. 이전 지시사항들은 canceled .
SPEED CONTROL ATC
Ke 002 , resume normal speed
Ke 002 , maintain maximum forward / minimum practical speed
Ke 002 , descend and maintain FL 150 transition speed 280 ( 일본 대양 통과시 ) *transition speed 란 the point at which the aircraft changes over from MACH number to IAS
속도 지시를 받으면 +- 10kt , mach로 받으면 mach 0.02 가 허용치
FPL 상의 cruise 속도 보다 +- 5% , 10kt 이상 차이나면 advise ATC 해야함 .
initial contact 시 , 속도제한 사항을 이전 기관에서 부여 받았다면 , initial contact 시 보고해야한다 .
LATERAL DEVIATION
만약 항로에서 10nm 벗어나 운항하는 걸 요청할 시 ,
control ke 002 , request offset 10nm right (left )of track 라고 request 할것
SLOP 절차 ( atc 권한 필요 하지 않고 pilot 재량으로 offset 항행하는 프로시져 , 1-2nm 가능 , 해양항로에서만 절차수행 가능 . ) strategic lateral offset procedure
Wx deviation 으로 요청하는 경우
Control ke 002 , request weather deviation upto 00nm right ( left ) of track
Control ke 002 , weather deviation required 라는 ATC는 PAN PAN - PAN PAN - PAN PAN 과 같은 의미
POSITION REPORT
콜싸인 / 위치+시간 / 고도 / 다음포인트 + 다음포인트 ETA / etc
ETA 3분 초과시 보고하는 걸로 되어 있었지만 2분 초과시 보고로 변경
****STAR****
STAR CLEARANCE 3가지
Cleared ___ arrival ( 루트 / 속도는 STAR 따라서 하고 , 고도는 현고도 유지 . 강하 불가함 )
cleared for approach via _____ arrival ( 루트 / 속도 / 고도 모두 STAR 차트대로 . 어프로치까지 가능 )
desced via _____ arrival ( 모든 차트 상의 지시사항 준수하며 접근 )
descend via ____ arrival , except maintain 0000 ft ( except 고도 까지만 강하하며 , STAR 고도 제한 사항들을 준수하며 지시받은 except 유지 고도 까지 강하 ) ( bottom altitude가 변경되는 것임. 속도 루트는 star 준수 )
descend and maintain 0000ft / descend to 0000ft ( FAA: 차트무시하고 지시받은 고도로 하강 ICAO : 차트 고도제한사항 준수하며 지시받은 고도로 하강 )
새로운 ICAO 형식 star clearance : kal 123 , descend via star to 3000ft ( 차트 지키면서 3000ft 까지 하강하라는 지시 임 ) / descend via star to 2000ft , cancel level restriction at BATON ( BATON에서의 고도 제한사항 만 only 취소되는것임 ) / descend via star to 2000ft , cancel speed restriction at TRUNK ( TRUNK에서의 속도 제한사항만 only 취소 되는것임 )
Kal 123, descend unrestricted to 2000ft = kal 123, descend to 2000ft cancel level and speed restriction ( 두개가 동일한 의미 . unrestricted )
ICAO vs FAA
APPROACH LANDING TAXI
랜딩 후 TAXI 상황에선 STOP and more slowly taxiing
RAMP IN
ETC
1S 2C ( slowly , clearly , concisely )
시험은 1. 출발 2. 도착 순으로
출발은 clearance - push back and engine start up - request taxi - take off - departure - enroute contact 까지
도착은 enroute - star - approach - landing - taxi - ramp in 까지
분당 100단어 보다는 빠른 속도 / ATC가 부여한 속도 순서 따라서 리드백 /
부분적인 확인이나 의문사항은 read back 후 confirm altitude 000 or verify heading 000
push back instruction은 facing or tail north south east west 도 포함 될수 있음.
ramp에서 포지션 리포트시 apron or gate 000
팔라우
ALTITUDE
Altitude deviation을 위해 항상 report leaving altitude 할것 . ( cross gukdo FL200 면, pilot descretion 지시임 )
고도 떠날때 , 스탠다드 ATC는 다음과 같다.
leaving 현재고도 for 목표고도
leaving 현재고도 descending or climbing to 목표고도
ATC VILOATIONS
BIAS 편향 . Human factor 인 편향은 ATC VIOLATION을 야기시킨다.
confirmation bias ( 확증편향 ) - 자신의 생각과 일치하는 정보만을 받아들이는 편향적인 인지 현상. 다른 사람의 조언이나 생각을 항상 고려해라 .
관제사 hearback 은 신뢰하지 마라 . 92% ATC VIOLATION이 hearback 에서 발생 .
겸손하게 의자 에서 등 떼고 주먹쥐고 군대식으로 , 경직된 모습으로 , 모르는 부분이 있다면 , 대답 후에 , 집에가서 공부해서 다시 한번 숙지하도록 하겠습니다. 배우려는 자세 , 대답할 때 모습 . 적극성 , 겸손 , 다시 학생 마인드 . 지난 면접에서 건방진 모습으로 비춰졌을 수도, 안뽑으면 안뽑히는 거니까 자세 확실하게 낮춰서 가자. APP 체크 같은 스테이지 2번째 마지막이라고 생각하고 . 여기서 떨어지면 이제 끝
어차피 엉망으로 배워서 1000시간 비행 했다고 생각한다. 입사 후에 새로 다시 기본부터 배워야한다.
올해의 사자성어- 과이불개 잘못한걸 고치지않는다
PPT 158P 까지 봄 정석 조중훈회장님 일우 조양호회장님
요일쇼크- 조양호회장님이 직접나서 자금확보 , 위기에 미래를 대비하는 전략으로 항공기 대량구매 할인 , 운영효율화 등 IMF- 구입한 항공기를 매각하고 재임대하여 유동성 확보,
사스- 911테러 - 항공기 대량구매 380 777 계약조건 유리하게 코로나 - 여객은 손실이지만 , 여객기를 화물기로 카고시트백으로 전환하여 운용하여 위기극복 5G 항공관련 - 항공기의 RA radio altimeter는 전파를 이용하여 AGL로 부터의 고도를 측정하는데, 5G 주파수와 근접한 주파수를 사용함에 따라 RA의 신뢰성에 문제가 생길 여지가 있다. 개인적인 의견으로는 항상 안전운항을 최우선으로 하는 조종사로써 , RISK 라고 생각한다.
현재 & 미래
여객&화물 뿐만 아니라 항공우주 및 군수 ,항공기 부품 제작까지 하는 항공우주 종합 항공사인 대한항공 항상 위기를 기회와 발전의 발판으로 만드는 대한항공 , 1차 오일쇼크( 운영비절감, 항공기 대량구매) , 코로나 시국 화물 ( 여객기 화물기로 전환 운용 ) 1. 코로나 시국 , 힘든 상황에서도 백신수송을 위한 대한항공의 화물 노하우가 빛을 보았다. 애국기업 . 2. 유니세프, 코벡스 퍼실리티 백신 MOU 협약 , 3. 카고시트백으로 2021년 창사이래 최대 실적 , 여객기를 화물기로 이용 4. 창업정신: 수송보국 ( 수송사업으로 국가와 사회에 기여 ) 5. 사훈 : 창의와 신념 , 성의와 실천 , 책임과 봉사 ( 창신 , 성실 , 책봉 ) 책임과 봉사가 묶인것은 각자의 책임을 다할때 , 그것이 고객과 국민에 대한 봉사로 이어지기 때문 탁구팀 , 배구팀 운영 또한 비인기 종목을 대기업이 맡아 사회적 책임을 하려는 것 6. 비젼: 세계 항공 업계를 선도하는 글로벌 항공사 7. 미션: 최상의 운영체제 , 고객 감동과 가치 창출, 변화지향적 기업문화 8. A321NEO 도입, 및 내년 상반기부터 기내 WIFI 제공 9. 영종도 엔진정비공장 추진중 10. 중국 c919 운항시작 but 부품은 서구권 의존 11. 12월 화물연대파업 관련 , 율도에 대한항공 유류저장고도 있고, 항공유는 지방공항에만 화물차로 수송. 인천은 직접 제공받음. 12. L3 HARRIS 군 항공통제기 봄바르디어 G 기종 , 국내생산 , 정비 , 개조 및 운용교범 등 과정 참여 사업 협력 13. 2025년까지 인천 영종도에 엔진정비 클러스터 구축예정. 14. 항공기 엔진 정비 B707부터 시작하여 4600대의 엔진정비를 수행함.
15. 주력기종 777 330, 차세대 주력 787-9 10 , 737-8 321NEO , 330 5년이내 퇴역 수순 세부 사고 기종
16. 22년도 3분기 매출 3조 6천억 , 영업이익 8천 4백억 , 전년도 대비 65% 91% 증가
15. BASIC 6가지 FOMCCC F one pilot must fly at all times O operate aircraft system & equipment , think first and verify the effect after action M monitor the flight path & system status C checklist with visual verification C callout loud & clear C communication slowly , correctly , clearly
1. 환경 ( 5가지 )
2026년부터 5년간 쉘 회사 SAF( sustainable aviation fuel )바이오항공유 연료 사용 mou 체결 , 탄소배출량 감소 목적
화물용 친환경 비닐 도입
신기재 도입으로 탄소배출 감소 B787-10
수소연료 협약
2020 , 2021 ESG 등급 전부문 A 등급 달성, 22년까지 3년 연속 전부문 A등급
엔진 물세척을 통한 연료효율 향상
2. 무인기& UAM ( UAM urban air mobility - 도시가 거대화됨에 따라 증가된 교통량 해소를 목적으로 개발 ) ( 무인기 제작 및 항공통제 항공안전 시스템 교범 구축 )
미 F-16 창정비 , 1978년 부터 미군 창정비 시작 , 최근 H-53E 헬기 창정비 사업 수주 ( 부산 테크센터 )
지난 11월 UAM 행사 , UAM 산업 선도자 역할 , UAM 운용개념서 발간 . 안전운항을 위한 절차 수립 협업. UAM 교통관리시스템
대한항공의 항공업 노하우와 무인기 개발 노하우로 UAM 산업 발전에 선도적인 역할.
UAM 관련 주로 기체보다는 UAM 운항 시스템에서 선도 역할 및 집중
6월 스텔스 무인기 개발센터 설립 , 8월 스텔스 저피탐 무인편대기 개발 관련 우선 협상 대상자 선정됨( 유인기 1 , 무인기 3~4대가 편대를 이루어 작전 수행 . 무인기 개발 20년 경력
인스펙션 드론 - 항공기 동체 점검을 위한 세계최초 시스템 드론 , 정시성 향상 , 시간단축
인재상 ( 성실한 조직인 , 팀플레이어 , 진취적성향의 소유자 , 국제적 감각의 소유자 , 서비스 정신과 올바른 예절의 소유자 )
PF / PM
EMB 오토파일럿 하나 , CAT 1 항공기 접근 카테고리 B-C , 콜린스제작 ATT MFD PFD , HAMILTON 4 BLADE 프롭 , MTOW 26433 MLW 25794 , 1800SHP , T6 turbine temperature , torque % , NL/NH % , PROP % , OIL TEMP , TCAS 버젼 7.0 7.1 7.0은 vertical speed RA 만 제공함. adjust vertical adjust , 7.1은 RA지시를 따르지 않을경우 RA가 level off , level off , climb climb now , descend descend now 음성 제공 . TCAS 는 ICAO 에서 12,500 파운드 혹은 19명 이상 탑승 항공기 장착 의무 , 테일윈드 10KT 리밋 , 크로스윈드 30KT 리밋
헷갈린거 1. 안개 , 안개 잘 형성되는 temp/dew C F 2. NADP 3. 홀딩고도 속도 4. IFR PLAN A-Z 의미 5. VCOA 6. WAKE TURB CATEGORY 7. BRAKE ACTION *** 8.WIND 9. GRID MORA MAGENTA GREEN 기준 10. MIA 11. 항공기 사고 , 준사고 , 즉시보고사항***** 12. 법정연료 *** ( 기상 좋아서 교체비행장 안수립 경우 ) ( 시계비행 ) ( GA 항공기 ) **13. dorsal fin & ruddervator (dorsal fin 역할 더 ) 14. DECIDE MODEL ACRONYM 15. DE ICING 용액1-4 색깔 , TKS SYSTEM 16. ZERO SIDE SLIP LONGITUDINAL AXIS & FLIGHT PATH , Vmc 요소 10가지 17. SCREEN HEIGHT 이착륙 DRY WET 높이 18. MAXIMUM RANGE의 BEST RANGE BEST ENDURANCE 차이 19. 항공기 유효거리 종류 더*** 20. 활주로 공표거리 LDA 구간 , TODA 내용 , TOD ( 단발 , 쌍발, WET RUNWAY ) 21. STOPWAY & CLEAR WAY &RUNWAY STRIP 22. 이착륙 무게에 따른 거리증가 ( 1000FT DA당 왕복엔진 , LOW THRUST HIGH THRUST ) 23. 이착륙 퍼포먼스 다시 보기 ( 정풍 배풍 RUNWAY SLOPE 속도 고도 WET RUNWAY 등 )** RUNWAY SLOPE 24. 터빈엔진 디퓨져 압축기 종류 터빈엔진 그리기 25. 터보프롭 waste gate reduction gear 26. EPR*** 27. stall 종류 elevator trim stall , secondary stall , deep stall ( t tail ) 28. compressor stall 원인 compressor bleed valve ***29. prop AOA pitch angle blade angle 30. prop에 작용하는 힘 5가지 **** 31. fixed pitch constant pitch pilot valve flyweight 원심력 overspeed underspeed 32. lefft turning tendency 작용반작용 , 후류 항공기 전진속도 , 섭동성 tail wheel , P FACTOR 원인 33. flap 의 nose down moment 기전 34. blc 와 flap의 상관관계 35. fly by wire 조종압부여하는것 36. adverse yaw 기전 37. t tail 기전 v tail 장단점 38. slot 장점 3가지( drag 증가 없음 , nose down moment 없음 , 스톨 지연 ) 39. eng oil 역할 , wet sump dry sump 40. 여압 시스템 41. 유압시스템 selector valve 유압 역할 42. alternator generator 차이 voltage regulator 43. 터보젯 프롭항공기 L/D MAX에서 얻는 퍼포먼스 차이점 44. 온도에 따른 터빈엔진 추력 감소 증가 이유 기전 45. over the top 조건 46. supplement oxygen ( 한국 , faa 91 , 121 ) 47. 유도신호 ( 정지 , 급한정지 , 직진 , 우회전 , 좌회전 , 고임목 , 브레이크 , 엔진시동 , 엔진정지 , GPU ) 48. TAKEOFF MINIMUM ( RVR로도 암기 ) 49. 한국 RADIO FAIL ( RADAR 고도 ) ***50. V2min , Vmbe density altitude , Vzf( NADP2 ) , Vfc ( STABILITY 최대속도 ) ,Vfs ( 4 st climb OEI ) 51. 이슬점 기온 __F 이하 안개 구름 52. CDFA 시작 종료 지점 53. AHRS /DME DME IRU ____ft takeoff roll 54. runway centerline marking간격 , light , edge light , ALSF light 55. enhanced taxiway centerline marking 생긴거 ***56. runway edge light 간격 , runway centerline light 간격 , centerline light 사용조건 ( RVR24 , RVR16 FOR TO ) ***57. TDZL & centerline light 사용 활주로 무엇 ***58. LAHSO LIGHT 등화 ( F WHITE ) , LAHSO MARKING , SIGN 59. stop bar light 점등 조건 ? ( RVR 12 ) 60. RWSL 등화 설치 구역 및 조건 61. PLC 유지시간 ( 3 5 7 15 분 ) 62. airport beacon water & 운용 조건 ( IFR , 1000 3 ) 63. GPS 이용불가 접근 3가지 ( LOC LDA SDF ) 64. TIMED APPROACH ( 타워운용 , 5NM간격 OM FAF 시간발부 ) **65. PAR( 10마일 , 20도 수직 7도 ), SAR 범위( 60마일 25000FT LETERAL GUIDE만) , NO GYRO APPROACH 66. parrelel approach , simultaneous converging approach ( 700-2 ) 67. GLS 범위( 15nm 35도 , 20nm 10도 ) , MLS 범위 ( 40도 , 20NM ,20,000ft ) 68. CVFP 특징 ( 통상 20NM ) 69. loc 1 dot deflection , full deflection , GS 신호 위 아래 HZ sensitivity , false glideslope 70. OM MM 수평설치거리 , IM 설치 조건 71. CAT I 접근에서 IM 특징 ***72. ALS 별로 그림 그릴줄 알기 73. non precision approach light , precision approach light 74. VASI PAPI 범위 , alignment of elements ( 3/4NM ) 75. compass locator 범위 15 , NDB MH H HH 25 50 75 76. NDB 주파수190-535 , 190-1750 , ADF , VOR 약어 77. VOR 종류벌 커버리지**** 78. DME 및 DME 주파수 960-1215 **79. PREDISPOSITION 4요소 ( scud running , loss of sa , peer pressure , operation insufficient fuel ) ** 사고유발 5요소 ( thrill , driving record , disregard other opinion , disdain rule, impulsivity ) 80. SA 5요소 ( flight , plane , pilot , environment , type of operation ) ***81. 항공기 카테로기별 하중계수 ( n -1.52 - 3.8 , u - 1.76 - 4.4 a 3.0 - 6.0 ) 82. Vg diagram 그리기 83. 영해의 범위 84. 관제권 범위 고도 ( 5nm 5000 ) 85. 한국공역 B C D 범위 10000 , 5000 , 5000 , 1000 까지 , 1000-5000 , 5000-10000 범위 5 10 20 ) 86. 한국 미국 CLASS B C D 속도제한 범위 고도 ( 2500ft agl 밑 4nm ) 87. VFR , MVFR , IFR , LIFR 조건 88. 한국 VFR & 시계상의 양호한 기상상태 ( 상세히 알것 ) - 공역진입 vfr ceiling 1500ft , 시정 5km , 시계상 양호 ( 구름 수평 수직 ) 89. isogonic line 90. ASI ALT VSI 작동 기전 내용물 91. 대권 소권 자오선 항정선 **92. SRT , H SRT 공식 , SRT BANK ANGLE 공식 93. CRITICAL HEIGHT , PITCH POINT , PROCEDURE ALTITUDE HEIGHT , RACE TRACK PROCEDURE , SPECIFIC GRAVITY 94. VOLMET 95. JEPPESEN CHART INDEX 10-1 같은거 해석 **96. RVR ICAO 보고 간격( 25m 50m 100m 400m까지 400-800m 800m초과), 측정장치 높이 ICAO FAA 97. 자이로, AI 오류 , HI 오류 및 오류수정 장치 , TURNCOORDINATOR 특징과 대체 가능 계기 98. TAS 구하는법 IAS 1000ft 2% 와 MACH x 6 99. TOD 계산 100. PITCH 1도당 얼마 101. 선회반경 공식 102. SRT , H SRT BANK 공식 103. LEAD DME 공식 104. LEAD RADIAL 공식 105. 자격증 미소지 정지 1차 2차 3차 1-3-9, 중대과실 정지 1차 2차 3차 3-6-15 106. 선회 3요소 저고도 고고도 107. 알베도 108. 임계마하수 WAVE DRAG TUCK UNDER DRAG RISE MACH TUCK 꼬리날개에서 작용까지 설명 109. aspect ratio 단점 , tapered ratio 장점 , 110. 홀딩 뱅크앵글 제한 111. B C D 공역 , 속도제한 범위 고도 112 . CLASS C outer circle outer area inner circle 범위 113. L/D MAX 는 , coefficient of lift maximum 은 헷갈리지말기 114. 제트항공기 L/D MAX 얻는 것 , L/D MAX 이상에서 얻는것 , best climb angle , best climb rate 어디에 어떻게 작용 115. indicated stall speed 영향요소 아닌것 , AOA , AI DENSITY 이유 생각 116. vref + 10kt randing roll , HAT 100FT randing roll 헷갈리지 말기 117. ESHP is measure 1____2____ ***118. CVR 보관기간 , MANIFEST 보관기간 ***119. WINGLET 종류6가지 ***120. AIRFOIL 종류 6가지 , 날개종류 121. directional stability 강화하는것5 , longitudinal stability 강화하는것4 , vertical stability 강화하는것5 , adverse yaw 방지 5, stall 방지 , 수막현상 예방 , stall speed 영향 3, 항력 줄이는것 , 양력늘리는것 , 122. 고도에 증가에 따른 Vx Vy **123. ATIS COVERAGE , MLS COVERAGE , PAR , SAR COVERAGE ( atis랑 같음 ) 124. left tnedency precession 효과는 ___에만 125. jetstream 이란 126. RVSM 요구장비 127. HYPERVENTILATION 대표원인 대표증상 , CARBON MONOXIDE 대표 원인 대표증상 128. accelerate decelerate 시 , which type of illusion 129. SITUATIONAL AWARENESS 5요소 ( PLANE , PILOT, PASSENGER , ENVIRONMENT, TYPE OF OPERATIONS ) 130. 터뷸런스 4강도 , 세기 , thunderstorm 강도 세기 , lightning 강도 세기 , icing 4강도 세기 , 강수 현상 4강도 , 131. UUA UA , SPECI 발부 조건 , AIRMET SIGMET CONVECTIVE SIGMET 132. calm wind 조건 정확하게 icao faa 132. PROB 조건 1___2___ 133. ICING CONDITION 알수있는 기상전문 3가지 134. horizontal windshear ___nm 당 __kt , CAT __nm 당 __kt 135. ballast fuel 이란 136. overbanking tendency 이유 ***137. snowtam 활주로보고 단계 및 상태 / braking action 단계 138. runway strip 착륙대 139. 하늘의 자유 140. stall speed 영향 3요소 141. SLOP 142. ICAO FAA 써클링 접근속도 반경 143. cross wind component 공식 , wind correction angle 공식 144. 한국 시계비행 조건 , 공역진입 시계비행 조건 ( 1500FT , 5KM ) 145. 제트항공기 specific range , specific fuel ( 해수면과 비교 % ) 40000FT 150% , TROPOPAUSE 80% 146. ILS CATEGORY 147. WINDSHEAR 잘 발생8(gust front에서도+ 전선별 WINDSHEAR (gust front에서도, SEVERE WEINDSHER * 전선면 바람차이 20KT , 전선온도차이 5도 , 온난전선 , TS , TEMPERATURE INVERSION , TROPOPAUSE , JETSTREAM , 온난전선 통과 전 6시간, 한랭전선 통과 후 3시간 전 윈드쉬어 148. cumulonimbus mamma 형성되는 곳 2개 ( ANVIL CLOUD , SEVERE TS ) 149. bow echo 150. micro burst windshear 관측장비 , microburst 예상되는 강수현상 151. elevator illusion , false horizon , inversion illusion , ground illusion 7가지 152. RVRU RVR D RVR N , RETSRA 의미 153. METAR에서 P0101 의미 154. SPECI 발부 조건 , METAR 인천공항 ISSUE VALID , METAR CALM WIND 어케표시 155. METAR 99노트 이상 어케표시 156. //(일기종류 X ) , ///(관측시설보다 CEILING LOW ) , ////(시정관측 X ) , =(종료 ) 의미 157. PO , GS , GR , BL , DR , MI 붙는 일기현상과 MI 특징 158. TAF 구름 발부 종류 , TAF 유효시간 , TX , TN 159. BECMG , TEMPO ,FM, PROB , TAF 500000 TURB 600000ICING의미 160. PIREP UUA 조건 161. AIRMET , SIGMET , CONV SIGMET , convective outlook 정보 162 . FA 차트 목록별 유효 ( synopsis , wx , outlook ) 163. SIG WX PROGNOSTIC CHART 별 특징 164. CAT 생성지역 4( JETSTREAM , CIRRUS , STANDING LENTICULAR CLOUD , TS 바깥쪽 )
upper trough of the polar side of jetstream , 40kt 이상의 mountain wind , isotach 60nm이내에 형성 , outside of convective cloud , 1000ft 당 5kt 차이 150nm에 40kt 차이
threshold windspeed in jetstream for CAT = 110KT
165. AOA , angle of incident 166. 동시접근 종류 활주로거리 converging approach 웨더조건 167. CLEAR , RIME , MIXED 생성 온도 ( 0~ - 10도 , -10 ~ - 20도 , -10 ~ 15도 ) 168. 터빈엔진 항공기 패턴고도 다른 공역 , 상승 빠르게 어디까지 ,4
169. 무인도 , pyrotechnic device , over water , life preserver with emergency locating lights
170. clear air turbulence avoidance system 3요소 ( appropriate initial recurrent training , a dedicated planning /dispatch function , fully supported operational implementation of a PIREP
171. tropopause 큰 특징 : abrubt change temperature lapse rate
172. 제트스트림 위치 : in a break in the tropopause where intensified temperature gratients are located
173. ILS CAT II 접근 요구시설 LOC , GS , MARKER BEACON , RVR , HIRL , TDZL , RCLS
174. abbreviated departure clearance
핵심은 destination airport and 나머지 ( sid dp sq code altitude , frequency ) , and as filed 핵심
175. vfr on top 추가사항 - traffic advisory only 제공
176. uncontrolled airport 에서는 landing 혹은 freq change 해야 radar service terminate
177. CLASS B 추가사항 - large turbine jet 은 class B floor 위로 항상 항행
178. METAR 4/000 은 SNOW INCH로 표현 , 40000 그룹은 24 시간 MAX MIN TEMP
179. clear calm night light wind 에 1. temperature inversion 2. radiation fog 3. frost ( temp below freezing , dewpoint below freezing )
CAT II 자격조건 1___ 2___ 100HR비행시간 , 6개월 이내 6번 CAT I 접근 3번은 COUPLED APPROACH 가능 CAT II 제한 해제 조건
PIC 100HR 미만시 MINIMUM 1___2___ DH 100FT , VIS 1/2SM 증가 automation 장점 1_____ OFFER NEW CAPABILITIES AND SIMPLIFY THE BASIC FLIYING TASK
automation 단점 1____2____ CREATE LARGE ERROR , HIGH WORK LOAD IN TERMINAL AREA
an airport approved by administrator for use by a certificate holder for the purpose of providing service to a community when the regular airport used by the certificate holder is not available PROVISIONAL AIRPORT
____ is directly responsible for and is the final authority as to the operation of that aircraft PICeach pic who is given priority by ATC in an emergency shall submit a detailed report of that emergency within ______ to the manager of that ATC 48HRwhen conducting VOR operation check , must be record 1___ 2___ 3___ 4___ DATE , PLACE , BEARING ERROR , SIGNATURE failure to a component which would adversely affect the performance , and which whould require replacement SUBSTANTIAL DAMAGE
no person may operate an aircraft in controlled airspace under IFR unless that person has 1____ 2__ FILE IFR PLAN , IFR CLEARANCE in case of a radar vector to a final appraoch course or fix for which the approach procedure specifies ____ , no pilot may take a procedure turn unless cleared by ATC NO PTRVR 40 , RVR 32 , RVR 16 3/4 , 5/8 , 1/4pic of each aircraft operated in controlled airspace under IFR shall report as soon as practicable to ATC to malfunction 1____ 2___ 3___ navaid , communication , approach for flight at or above ____ , DME or RNAV is required if navigating VORS FL 240 no person may operate an aircraft at and above _____ excluding the airspace at and below 2,500ft AGL , unless that aircraft is equipped with an _______ 10,000FT MSL , MODE C TRANSPONDER for approval of ETOPS beyond ____ min or operations in the north and south polar area , required aeronautical data must include facilities at the airport or in the immediate area that are sufficient to protect the passengers from the elements and see to there welfare 180MINwhen filing an alternate using the _____ ETOPS rule , the alternate airport must have rescue and fireflighting services (RFFS) that meet the ICAO category __ standard, or higher 180min , ICAO 4if the required equipment and personnel are not available at the airport , ___ response time from local fire fighting assets in adequate if the local assets can be notofied while the diverting airplane is en route 30MIN beyond 180 ETOPS rule , the alternate airport must have ____ that meet the ICAO __ category and the aircraft must remain within ETOPS authorized diversion time from an airport that has RFFS ICAO catogory ___ RFFS , ICAO CATEGORY 4 , ICAO CATEGORY 7 a runway ____ is considered in computing take off weight limitations for turbine engine powered transport airplanes certificated after SEP , 30 , 1958 CLEAR WAY ___% of dry runway length is required for a turbojet - powered airplane at the destination airport if the runways are forecast to be wet or slippery at ETA 115% a cargo bin must withstand the load factor required of passenger seats , mutifly by ____ , using the combined weight of the bin 1.15 the airplane has seating capacity of more than 99 passenger capacity , must have ___ megaphone 2 MEGAPHONE 61-99 1 100-199 2 200 OR MORE 3 emergency lights must be turned on 1___ 2___ 3___ TAXI , TAKEOFF , LANDING escape sliding system must be armed 1___ 2___ 3___ TAXI TAKEOFF LANDING an air carrier airplane must have an operating ____ if it has a seating capacity more than ____ PUBLIC ADRESSING SYSTEM AND CREWMEMBER INTERPHONE SYSTEM , 19 survival kit must be attached each required lift raft when ____ OVER WATER OPERATION
life preserver equipped with a _____ must be provided for each person SURVIVAL LOCATOR LIGHT
for the purpose of testing a flight data recoreder , a total of ___ of the _______ data may be erased 1HR , OLDEST air carrier flight under vfr , ifr over the top must have _______ TWO INDEPENDENT VOR whenever VOR navigation , the aircraft must be equipped 1____ 2____ DME , RNAV the airplane flying over uninhabited terrain must have 1____ 2____ 3____ SUITABLE PYROTECHNIC SIGNALING DEVICE, SURVIVAL KIT FOR EACH OCCUPANT , APPROVED EMERGENCY LOCATOR an air carrier may dispatch an aircraft with inoperative airborne radar only ______ DAY VFR cockpit voice recorders in passenger carrying airplane may be erases except ____ LAST 30 MIN cockpit voice recorder must be operated from ______ to ______ BEFORE ENGINE START CHECKLIST , FINAL CHECKLIST when is crew monitoring is essential ? EVERY PHASE OF FLIGHT BUT ESPECIALLY APPROACH AND LANDING FOR PREVENTING CFIT air carriers must give instruction on hypoxia , decompression to each crewmember serving on pressurized airplanes operated above _____ FL250 crewmember must actually operate the airplane emergency equipment once every ______ 24 CALENDER MONTH a required pilot flight crewmember who has not made 3 t/o 3 l/d within preceding 90days must reestabilish recency of experience by performing 1_____ 2_____ 3____ AT LEAST ONE CRITICAL ENGINE FAIL TAKEE OFF , AT LEAST ONE LOWEST ILS MINIMUM APPROACH , AT LEAST ONE FULL STOP LANDING a line check for the pilot in command is required each _____ in one of the types of airplane 12 CALENDER MONTH PIC must have completed either a proficiency check or simulator training within preceding _____ other tha pic must have completed within preceding _______ 6 CALENDER MONTH , 24 CALENDER MONTH when intoxicate person creates a disturbance aboard an air carrier aircraft , a writtne report concerning the incident to the FAA within ____ 5day
no person may take off an airplane from an airport that is not listed in the operations specifications unless within US for take off 800-2 900 - 1 1/2 1000- 1 outside US for takeoff 800-2 900 1 1/2 1000-1 damage or failure that adversely affects the structural strength , performance , or flight characteristics of an aircraft and that would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected component SUBSTANTIAL DAMAGE INCREASE TAKEOFF DISTANCE . ATTEMPTING TO FORCE THE AIRCRAFT INTO THE AIR BEFORE IT HAS SUFFICIENT AIRSPEED TO FLY MAY RESULT IN THE AIRCRAFT SETTLEING BACK TO THE RUNWAY PREMATURE ROTATION A PERSON ASSIGNED TO PERFORM DUTY IN AN AIRCRAFT DURING FIGHT TIME CREWMEMBERWITH RESPECT TO A FLIGHT , THE EXERCISE OF AUTHORITY OVER INITIATING , CONDUCTING , TERMINTING A FLIGHT OPERATIONAL CONTROL AN AREA BEYOND THE TAKEOFF RUNWAY , NO LESS WIDE THAN THE RUNWAY AND CENTERED UPON THE EXTENDED CERTERLINE OF THE RUNWAY, ABLE TO SUPPORT THE AIRCRAFT DURING AN ABORTED TAKEOFF WITHOUT CAUSING STRUCTURAL DAMAGE TO TEH AIRPLANE STOP WAY DESIGNED CRUSING SPEED VC THE SPEED AT WHICH THE CRITICAL ENGINE IS ASSUMED TO FAIL DURING TAKEOFF Vef THE MAXIMUM SPEED IN THE TAKEOFF AT WHICH THE PILOT MUST TAKE THE FIRST ACTION TO STOP THE AIRPLANE WITHIN ASD V1 TAKEOFF SAFETY SPEED V2 the stalling speed , minimum steady flight speed , at which the airplane is controllable Vs minimum steady flight speed , stall speed , in a landing configuration Vso maximum operating limit speed for an airplane Vmo / Mmo minimum unstick speed Vmu some fixed percentage of the stall speed or minimum control speed for the aircraft in the landing configuration LANDING SPEED a condition in which a flight crew member has been in a theater for 72 hours or has been given at least 36hr free from duty ACCLIMATED a defined duty period during which a flight crew member is required by a certificate holder to be at an airport for a possible assignment AIRPORT/STANBY RESERVE a flight crew that has more than the minimum number of flight crew members required by the airplane type certificate to operate the aircrast to allow a flightcrew member to be replaced by another qualified flightcrew member for in flight rest AUGMENTED FLIGHTCREW a 24hour period from 0000 through 2359 using UTC CALENDAR DAY
a period that begin when a flight crew member is required to report for duty with the intention of conducting a flight , a series of flight , positioning or ferrying flights , and ends when aircraft is parked after the last flight and there is no intention for further aircraft movement by the same flight crew member. FLIGHT DUTY PERIOD
10hours of rest that encompassed 0100- 0700 at the flight crew home base PHYSIOLOGICAL NIGHT`S REST a duty period during which a certificate holder requires a flight crew member on short call reserve to be available to receive an assignment for a flight duty period RESERVE AVAILABILITY PERIOD a continous period determined prospectively during which the flight crew member is free from all restraint by the certificate holder REST PERIOD a temperature controlled facility with sound mitigation and the ability to control light that provides a flight crew member with teh ability to sleep in a bed SUITABLE ACCOMODATION a geographical area in which the distance between the flightcrew memeber`s flight duty period departure point and arrival point differs by no more than 60 degree longitude THEATERa period of maximum sleepiness that occure between 0159-0559 during physiological night WINDOW OF CIRCADIAN LOW training required for a flight crew member who has not qualified and served in the same capacity on another airplane of the same group INITIAL TRAINING required for a crewmember who has qualified and served as second in command or flight engineer on a particular airplane type before he served as pilot in command or second in command UPGRADING TRAINING required for a crewmember or dispatcher who has qualified and served in the same capacity on another airplane of the same group TRANSITION TRAINING include taxi , takeoff , landing and all other operations conducted below 10,000ft MSL excluding cruise flight CRITICAL PHASE OF FLIGHT allow to pilot to control an airplane`s movement around its lateral , longitudinal , vertical axes PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROL SURFACE used on some transport aircraft as a manual backup to flight controls that are normally operated hydraulically CONTROL TAB modifies the downward tail load for various airspeed in flight , reducing or eliminating flight control pressure ELEVATOR TRIM TAB , RUDDER TRIM TAB , AILERON TRIM TAB aids the pilot in moving the primary control surface and holding it in the desired position SERVO TAB moves in same direction as the primary flight control surface ANTI-SERVO TAB increase lift at low speed , allowing lower landing and takeoff speed HIGH LIFT DEVICEincrease the camber of the wing , which delays a stall to a higher angle of attack. the increased camber prevents airflow separation at low speed LEADING EDGE FLAP direct air from the high pressure area under the leading edge along the top of the wing and delay airflow separation to some higher angle of attack LEADING EDGE SLAT AND SLOT reduce lift and allow an airplane to descend without increasing airspeed FLIGHT SPOILER reduce lift from the wings upon landing or in a rejected takeoff , which increases the weight of the aircraft on the landing gear GROUND SPOILER secondary flight control system that are installed on the inboard section of the wing along the trailing edge most common high lift device used on aircraft FLAP ___ flap that the effect of the camber on the chord causes significant increase in CLmax and increse drag greatly PLAIN FLAP produces slightly greater change in CLmax than the plain flap , but it produces a much larger change in drag , allowing for a steeper landing approach over obstacles SPLIT FLAP similar to the plain flap but has a gap between the main section and the flap leading edge. high energy air from the lower surface is ducted to the flap`s upper surface, which allows for a higher lift coefficient than the plain or split flaps along with lower drag SLOTTED FLAP the flap segments are moved along tracks which increase the chord along with wing area FOWLER FLAP
while in ground effect , an airplane needs a lower angle of attack to produce the same lift as when out of ground effect
angle of attack controls the airplane`s 1. LIFT 2. DRAG 3. AIRSPEED L/Dmax is unaffected by ITS WEIGHT so same glide range but different speed .but glide speed is varies with its weightsteady level flight , load factor doubled , CL ___ , induced drag ____ 2배 , 4배 high lift coefficient provides very high induced drag ( 제곱으로 증가 감소 )
load factor fomula 1/ COS( BANK ANGLE ) reduce drag caused by supersonic airflow over portions of the wing, delays the onset divergence at high speeds and aids in maintaining aileron effectiveness at high speed WING-MOUNTED VOLTEX GENERATOR indicated stall speed affected by 1. BANK 2. WEIGHT 3. LOAD FACTOR 4. POWER BUT NOT AOA the devices that sense pressure distribution on the wing provide reliable indications of an impending stall 1. ANGLE OF ATTACK INDICATOR 2. STALL WARNING HORN the lift divided by total weight LOAD FACTOR it is published and shown by a red radial line on the airspeed indicator Vne the centrifugal force is greater than the horizontal component of lift in SKIDDING TURN maximum turning capacity 1. maximum lift capacity( aerodynamic ) 2. thrust limits 3. structural strength limit the increase in specific range with altitude of the turbojet engine can be attributed to 1. GREATER TAS AS SAME THRUST 2. LOWER INLET TEMPERATURE WHICH REDUCEDS THE SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION 3. RPM INCREASE WHICH REDUCED THE SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION
**the airplane is operated to maintain the recommended long lange cruise condition throughout the flight CRUISE CONTROL stall should be never practiced with 1. OEI 2. THRUST IDLE on the airspeed indicator on a light twin engine airplane represents the maximum single-engine rate of climb at gross weight BLUE RADIAL when an engine fails , climb performance is reduced by 80-90% the ball of the slip-skid indicator may be deflected outside of its reference lines when operating on a single engine in a light twin at any speed above Vmc slush on the runway has the effect of reducing ___ speed V1 or critical engine failure speed the safest and most efficient takeoff and initial climb procedure in a light twin is to accelerate to an airspeed slight above ___ and then lift off and climb at _____ Vmc , Vy use ____ if engine failure occurs at an altitude above the single engine ceiling Vyse
the highest temperature in a turbojet engine is found at ______ TIT , TURBINE WHEEL most critical conditions of takeoff performancea are 1 2 3 4 1. HIGH GROSS WEIGHT 2. HIGH DA 3. HIGH TEMP 3. UNFAVORED WIND the most restriction to the opertion of turbojet or turboprop engines is limiting by EGT ___ is a measure of shaft horsepower and jet thrust ESHP( equivalent shaft horse power ) minimum specific fuel consumption of turboprop engines is usually available above FL250 ____ is characterized by intermittent bang as back fire and flow reversal take place TRANSIENT COMPRESSOR STALL ____ is characterized by strong vibration and a loud roar STEADY CONTINOUS FLOW REVERSAL COMPRESSOR STALL
____ produces the first evidence of local sonic flow , highes speed possible without supersonic flow over the wing CRITICAL MACH NUMBER ____ is the result of shock - induced separation of air flow occurring symmetrically near the wing root of a sweptwing aircraft MACH TUCK ____ are buffet , trim and stability changes , control effectiveness DRAG RISE , DRAG DIVERGENCE and then will TUCK UNDER should be applied immediately after ground contact , as soon as possible after touchdown , to reduce landing distance of turbojet or turboprop REVERSE THRUST **the inherent ability of an abject , after its equilibrium is disturbed , to return to its original position. STABILITY ***the initial tendency that the airplane displays after its euilibrium is disturbed STATIC STABILITY ball inside a round bowl. return to its original position POSITIVE STATIC STABILITY ball on a flat plane . it shows no tendency to return to its original position NEUTRAL STATIC STABILITY
ball on a reverted round ball . it continue to move in the direction of the applied force NEGATIVE STATIC STABILITY **overall tendency that the airplane displays after its equilibrium is disturbed. DYNAMIC STABILITY
oscillations set up by a statically stable airplane , enable the oscillation to become smaller and smaller POSITIVE DYNAMIC STABILITY
oscillations tends to increase NEGATIVE DYNAMIC STABILITY
under what conditions might a pilot expect the possibility of hydroplaning WET RUNWAY THAT IS COVERED IN RUBBER FROM PREVIOUS LANINDING
occurs when a film of moisture covers the painted or rubber-coated portion of the runway VISCOUS HYDROPLANING
occurs when the groundspeed is at least 8.73 x 루트 PSI DYNAMIC HYDROPLANING
occurs when an airplane`s tires are effectively held off the smooth runway surface by steam generated by friction REVERTED RUBBER HYDROPLANING _____ used for deicing are intended to provide ice protection on the ground only FPD FLUID , FREEZING POINT DEPRESSANT FLUID _____ is airspeed corrected for nonstandard temperature and pressure TAS**a jet powered airplane the angle of attack at stall POWER ON OFF SAME how can turbulent air cause an increase in stalling speed of an airfoil CHANGE RELATIVE WIND aiplane stall warning device must sense1. ______2.____ RELATIVE WIND , PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
PFD airspeed indications are dramatically different , it is most likely a blockage in the pitot line of ____ ADC air data computerin class b , below ____ within ____ speed restriction ____ 2,500FT AGL , 4NM , 250KT in class c , d , below ___ within ___ speed restriction ____ 2,500FT , 4NM , 200KT mandatory instruction sign has ____ inscription on a ____ background WHITE , RED
****______ at the intersection of taxiway and runways consist of four lines that extend across the width of the taxiway HOLD LINE MARKING**destination sign have ____ inscription on ____ back ground indicating destinations on the airport BLACK , YELLOW **_____ which faces the runway and is visible to the pilot , indicates a point at which the aircraft will be clear of the runway RUNWAY BOUNDARY SIGN
***____ has a graphic depiction of the ILS pavement holding position marking ILS CRITICAL AREA BOUNDARY SIGN **ILS critical area hold sign has 1____2____ letter RED , WHITE **ILS critical area boundary sign has 1___2____ YELLOW , BLACK the signs that indicate distance remaining in increments of 1,000ft RUNWAY DISTANCE REMAINING MARKING
**white inscription and red background and identify paved area where aircraft entry is prohibited NO ENTRY SIGN
***the sign have black diagonal stripes on yellow backgrounds and indicate that a taxiway does not countinue beyond the indicated point TAXIWAY ENDING MARKER ____ is two row s of transverse light bars disposed symmetrically about the runway centerline TDZL two rows of transverse light bars disposed symmetrically about the runway centerline TOUCHDOWN ZONE LIGHT provide visual guidance to person exiting the runway TAXIWAY LEAD OFF LIGHTS , TAXIWAY CENTERLINE LEAD- OFF LIGHTSthe identification of a runway surrounded by a preponderance of other lighting . synchronized flashing lights placed laterally at each side of the runway threshold REIL ( RUNWAY END IDENTIFIER LIGHTS ) fully automated system that provides runway status information to pilots and surface vehicle operators to clearly indicate when it is unsafe to enter , cross , take off from or land on a runway RWSL RUNWAY STATUS LIGHT SYSTEM _____ provides a normal glide angle for both high and low flight dedck aircraft 3 BAR VASI _____ consists of a row of four lights perpendicular to the runway red and white PAPI
____ consists of one light projector with tow color red and white PULSATING VASI
_____ desseminates time-critical aeronautical information that either is of a temporary nature or is not sufficiently known in advance to permit publication on aeronautical charts or on other operational publications. NOTAM
what is meant by the term FAROS FLASHING PAPI 1___ 2___ can be only directly observed during flight and then report by A PIREP TURBULENCE , ICING *____ provide weather advisories pertinent to the type of flight , intended route of flight , and altitude FSS FLGIHT SERVICE STATION ___ is a continous broadcast over selected ___ of 1___ 2___ 3___ 4___ 5___ HIWAS , SELECTED VOR , AIRMET , SIGMET , CONVECTIVE SIGMET , AWW , CWA
IN wind and temperature aloft chart when the wind speed is less than __ , the forecast is coded ____ , which means _____ 5KT , 9900 , LIGHT AND VARIABLE wind is not forecast below _____ , temperature is not forcast below ____ , temperature plus minus indication is omitted above _____ 1500FT AGL , 3000FT AGL , FL 240
airport or primary runway closure changes in the status of navaid , ils , radar service availability other information essential to planned , en route , terminal or landing operations , taxy way , apron , ramp area , rotating beacon NOTAM D issued by flight data center and contaion instrument apporoach procedure and temporary flight restrictions NOTAM FDC
reduce total notam volume by pointing notam d , notam fdc POINTER NOTAM reference military airport and navaids and are rarely of any interest to civilian pilot MILITARY NOTAM issued when special activity airspace will be active outside the published schedule times and when required by the published schedule SAA NOTAMissued every 28days and is an integral part of the notam system once the notam is published in the ____ , the notam is not provided unless requested . expected to remain effect for an exteded period NTAP NOTICE TO AIRMEN PUBLICATION ___ includes landing and holding short of an intersecting runway , an interesting taxiway , or some other designated point on a runway other than an intersecting runway or taxyway LAHSO
is a high update-rate radar surveillance system , certified to provide simultaneous independent approaches to closely spaced parallel runways a radar system for monitoring approaches to closely spaced parallel runways
PRM APPROACH ____ flight plan are limited to stopover period of ___ or less STOPOVER , 1HR ifr flight plans should be filed at least ____ , prior to departure and clearance requested not more than ____ 30MIN , 10MIN RNAV route at or above ____ , fixes and turning point should be describe 1____ 2____ FL390 , LONGITUDE LATITUDE RNAV route below _____ , fixes and turning point should be describe 1____2____ RADIAL , DISTANCE OF NAVIAID IFR flight plan will be canceled by ATC ______ UPON LANDING the fix or point which an aircraft is cleared when issued by ATC CLEARANCE LIMIT
an IFR flight plan may only be canceled by flightcrew when _____ VMC WITHOUT CLASS A SID are depicted in plan views as ____ provided for navigational guidance or ____ with courses the pilot is responsible to follow VECTORS , PILOT NAV ____ simplifies clearance delivery porcedure STAR **____ require pilots to request IFR clearance 10min or less prior to taxi and then request taxi clearance from ground control PRE-TAXI CLEARANCE
specification in a clearance is used when a pilot is operating from an uncontrolled airport VOID TIME CLEARED AS FILED 1. destination airport 2. en route altitude 3. sid 4. transponder code 5. departure frequency
runway release time assigned to an aircraft included in traffic management programs. aircraft are expected to depart no earlier than 5 min before and no later than 5 min later EDCT
a procedure for delaying departure for traffic volume , weather , or a need to issue further instructions HOLD FOR RELEASErequires the pilot to contact ground control prior to starting engines for sequencing GATE HOLDa pilot should communicate his or her position on the airport when ready for takeoff from _____ RUNWAY INTERSECTION ____ should be transmitting continuously with altitude reporting while _____ ASDE-X , AIRPORT SURFACE ____ is a location on an airport movement area with a history or potential riks of collision or runway incursion. HOT SPOT ____ is a direcvtive isuued by ATC for the purpose of requiring a pilot to take a specific action ATC INSTRUCTION pilot should listen for the key work 1____ 2___ as they relate to operations near taxiway intersections with runways or other taxiways. HOLD SHORT , CROSS _____ has replaced taxi into position and hold LINE UP AND WAIT *____ is an adivisory to ATC indicating an emergency situation is possible should an undue delay occur MINIMUM FUEL if the remaining usable fuel supply suggests the need for traffic priority to ensure a safe landing , the pilot should_______ DECLARE EMERGENCY FUEL ATC issues ______ if the aircraft altitude is noted to be in close proximity to the surface or an obstacle SAFETY ALERT
______ is terminated while the airplane is vectored for an IFR approach at an uncontrolled airport when _____ , _____ whichever occur first RADAR SERVICE , LANDING , FREQUENCY CHANGE
____ may be initiated by ATC , ____ may be initiated only by _____ VISUAL APPROACH , CONTACT APPROACH , PILOT ____ minimal to non existent for the wheel braking effort applied _____deceleration is significantly reduced for the wheel braking effort applied _____deceleration is noticeably reduced for the wheel braking effort applied _____deceleration is normal for the wheel braking effort applied. NIL , POOR , MEDIUM , GOODwhat is limitation when filing a random RNAV route on an IFR flight plan ? ENTIRE ROUTE WITHIN RADAR ENVIRONMENT
if ATC requests a speed adjustment that is not within the operating limits of the aircraft , what action must the pilot take ? ADVISE THE SPEED WILL BE USED
what minimum condition is suggested for declaring an emergency ANYTIME THE PILOT IS DOUBTFUL OF A CONDITION THAT COULD ADVERSELY AFFECT FLIGHT SAFETYwhen may a pilot execute a missed approach during an ASR approach ANYTIME at pilot discretion
you should nitify ATC on the initial contact that you have received ________ ATIS ALPHABET CODE
directive issued by ATC for the purpose of requiring a pilot to take a specific action ATC INSTRUCTION an off-route altitude that provides obstruction clearance with 1,000ft buffer in non mountainous area and a 2,00ft buffer in mountainous area within US OROCA oroca are intended primarily as a pilot tool for 1_____ 2_____ EMERGENCY , SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
navigation computer that provides position by signals from self- contained gyros - accelerometers INS
an airport may not be qualified for alternate use if ______ NAVAIDS USED FOR THE FINAL APPROACH ARE UNMONITORED _____ occurs when accumulated static electricity is discharged from the extreamities of aircraft P-STATIC STABILIZED APPROACH 1,000FT AGL 까지 1. FULLY CONFIGURATION 2. STEADY SPEED 3. NO MORE THAN 1,000FPM DESCENT 4. HALF DEFLECTION VISUAL APPROACH OR STRAIGHT - IN APPROACH IN VFR 에서는 TDZE 500FT AGL 까지 STABILIZED APPROACH 수립 CIRCLING APPROACH는 1. MDA 2. ARP 중 낮은 고도 500FT AGL 까지 STABILIZED APPROACH 수립 stabilized approach helps the pilot recognize ______ when abnormal indications existt during the approach WIND SHEAR
ignore slant range error if the airplane is ____ from the ground facility for each _____ft 1NM , 1000FT when VORs are undergoing maintenance , 1______2_____ not transmission , T-E-S-T signal stransmit **rotates so that the heading is shown under the index at the top of the instrument THE AZIMUTH CARD**the VOR(OBS) indicator THE COURSE INDICATING ARROW combination of the heading indicator and the VOR/ILS indicator HSI HORIZONTAL SITUATION INDICATOR **indicates above or below the glide slope , which is the longer centerline GLIDE SLOPE DEVIATION POINTER **comes out wheen reliable signals are not recieved by the glide slope receiver GLIDE SLOPE WARNING FLAG used to coordinate the heading indicator HEADING SET KNOB shows the current heading LUBBER LINEindicates the direction you would have to turn to intercept the desired radial if you were on the approximate heading of the OBS selection COURSE DEVIATION BARa fixed symbol that shows the airplane relative to the selected course as though you were above the airplane looking down THE AIRPLANE SYMBOL shows the reciprocal of the OBS heading THE TAIL OF THE COURSE INDICATING ARROW
used to adjust the OBS THE COURSE SETTING KNOB
A-K 까지 이름 알기
in holding pattern , using a flight director system , the rate of turn or bank angle should be 1_____ 2____ , _____ STANDARD RATE OF BANK , 25도 뱅크 , whichever less
when arcing left on a DME arc where there is a left crosswind component , the bearing pointer should be ________ AHEAD OF LEFT 90
if there is penetration of the obstacle identification surface , the published visibility for the ILS approach equipped with MALSR , can be no lower than ______ 3/4 SM
when MALSR is inoperative , the approach minimum _________ INCREASE 1/2 SM OR RVR24
_____ is marked on the profile view of the IAP with a BOLD V VDP
____ on the profile view of the IAP is indicated by the end of the solid line MAP
**____ on a victor airway between two VORTAC stations is the midpoint or is indicated by ____ COP , ㄱㄴ
a flag with an X mark is ________ MCA
if there is no altitude under the intersection name , _____ THE MCA IS MEA
a series of dots taht overlay an airway on the en route chart means that the airway penetrates 1____2_____ RESTRICTED AREA , PROHIBITED AREA
**the amount that a runway threshold is displaced is in the ______ of the chart supplement RUNWAY DATA
**the maximum gross weight of any particular type of aircraft on a given runway will be included in the ______ section of the chart supplement AIRPORT REMARKS
_____ is a fully configurable airport weather system that provides continuous , real time information and reports on airport weather conditions. AWOS
_____ is similiar to the AWOS but provides the data necessary to generate weather forecasts ASOS
**on the ______, A LF/MF oceanic route is depicted by _______line LOW ENROUTE CHART , DARK BROWN
ils provides 1____ 2____ 3____ GUIDANCE INFORMATION , RANGE INFORMATION , VISUAL INFORMATION
_____ , when used for the outer marker and middle marker of an ILS , transmit tow-letter identification groups
the outer compass locator transmits ________ FIRST TWO LETTERS OF THE LOCALIZER IDENTIFICATION GROUP
the middle compass locator transmits ______ LAST TWO LETTERS OF THE LOCALIZER IDENTIFICATION GROUP
a back course marker , where installed , is indicatied by _______ and ______light A SERIES OF TWO DOT COMBINATION , WHITE
if the middle marker for a category I ILS approach is in operative , ______ NO EFFECT
***the category II approach to DH below 150ft , requires 1___ 2___ 3___4____ TDZL , RCLS , RVR , HIRL
**minimum equipment to execute an ILS approach is 1____2____ LOCALIZER , GLIDE SLOPE
if there is penetration of obstacle identification surface , the published visibility for the ILS approach can be _____ NO LOWER THAN 3/4 ( RVR40 )
to conduct an LPV approach , the aircraft must be equipped with an approach - certified system with ___RNP 0.3 RNP
the GPS approach overlay program permits pilots to use GPS avionics when IFR for flying existing IAPs , except 1____2__3___ SDF, LDA , LOC
**_____ is published on a GPS approach , it will ______ VDP , not included waypoint
_____ is an advisory to pilots indicating that the expected level of WASS service may not be available UNRELBL ( UNRELIABLE )
____ is an advisory to pilots indicating that satellite signals are not available UNAVBL ( UNAVAILABLE )
____ provides precision navigation guidance for exact alignment and descent of aircraft on approach to a runway . it provides differential augmentation to the GNSS GLS
**___ is an ILS look- alike system from the pilot perspective. LAAS
**GBAS PROVIDES PRECISION NAVIGATION GUIDANCE FOR ____ GLS APPROACH
**the weight of the airplane , including the crew , ready for flight but without payload and fuel BOW basic operating weight , SOW standart operating weight 라고도 한다. BEW랑 ZFW헷갈리지 말것
mean aerodynamic chord. relates to swept wing MAC 후퇴익날개에서 평균 사위선을 구해 앞전으로부터 의 위치를 %로 표현한것.
**sweptwing airplanes express CG as a ______ as well as distance in inches from a datum MAC
it indicates the thrust being developed by the engine ; it is the pressure differential between the engine inlet and the turbine exhaust EPR ENGINE PRESSURE RATIO
elongated area of low pressure TROUGH
bad weather is associated with areas of _______ LOW PRESSURE
surface winds tend to flow parallel to the frontal zone at _____ front STATIONARY FRONT
______ cause rapid movement of surface front UPPER WIND BLOWING ACROSS THE FRONT
**frontal wave and low pressure area usually form along 1______ 2_____ SMALL SLOW MOVING CONT FRONT , STATIONARY FRONT
shallow frontal surface tend to give 1______ 2_____ EXTENSIVE CLOUDINESS , LARGE AREA PRECIPITATION
high pressure area ANTI CYCLONE
the process in which the adjacent air massed modify equalize and the front dissipates FRONTOLYSIS
there is a dew point difference on each side of a ______ DRY LINE
storm gust front move far ahead of ____mile of precipitation 15MILE
near the surface , _____ causes the wind to flow across isobars and circulate counterclockwise into a low pressure area due to decrease 1_____ 2_____ SURFACE FRICTION , WIND SPEED , COLIORIS FORCE
**high cloud is from _____ to _____ 16500 TO 45000FT AGL
mid cloud is from _____ to _____ 6500 TO 20000FTAGL
low cloud is from _____ to ______ SFC TO 6500 AGL
cloud with extensive vertical development ( such as towering cumulus and cumulonumbus ) from ______ to above ______ 1000FT AGL , 10,000FT
if precipitation is reported as light or greater intensity , the minimum thickness of the cloud is ____ft 4,000FT
**major cause of cloud formation EXPANSION COOLING
lowest cloud in the stationary group associated with a mountain wave ROTOR CLOUD
clouds that form in the rising branches of mountain waves and occupy the crests of the waves STANDING LENTICULAR CLOUDS
unstable air favors convection. ____(means heap) forms in a convective updraft , build upward , and is associated with turbulence CUMULUS FORM
forms in a convective updraft , build upward , and is associated with turbulence CUMULUS
**which type of storms are most likely to produce funnel cloud and tornado 1____ 2___ SQUALL LINE THUNDERSTORM , COLD FRONT
when flying over the top of a severe thunderstorm , the cloud should be overflown by at _____ per 10kt 1000FT PER 10 KT
shear turbulence may be expected usually within _____ of severe turbulence 20MILES
temperature inversion aloft 에서는 , 지표에선 1. ice pallet , 공중에선 freezing rain 현상이 있다.
**which type precipitation is an indication that supercooled water is present ? FREEZING RAIN
***freezing drizzle often forms by the _______ COLLISION-COALESCENCE PROCESS
what determines how icing is reported on a PIREP RATE OF ACCUMULATION
**____ are cleared or dispersed by wind or the movement of air . ____ occurs in stable air , is usually only few thousand thick , but sometimes may extend as high as ______ ft HAZE , HAZE, 15,0000FT
**_______ is poor above a haze layer DOWNWARD VISIBILITY
______ is often hazardous if haze is present LANDING INTO THE SUN
the result of moist , stable air being moved by wind over gradually rising ground UPSLOPE FOG
results from relatively warmer rain or drizzle falling through cooler air PRECIPITATION - INDUCED FOG restricted to land because water surfaces coll little from radiation cooling. it is common in the morning when the ground is wet and the sky is clear RADIATION FOG
occurs in cold weather when the temperature is far below freezing and water vapor forms directly into ice crystals. usually -25F or cooler ICE FOG
**the condition favorable for the formation of arctic fog and radiation fog are the same , except that arctic fog forms at usually ____F or colder - 25F
The practice developed and accepted by the North American air carrier industry using traditional North American fluids is to ensure that the freeze point of the remaining film is below ambient temperature by at least ____ F 20F
minimum surface temperature usually when ______ AFTER SUNRISE
the temperature of the air changes by compression or expansion with no heat added or removed ADIABATIC HEATING OR COOLING
when saturated air moves downhill , its temperature increases at a slower rate than dry air because _________ VAPORIZATION USES HEAT
**______ , one common finds a temperature inversion , because ________ STRATOSPHERE , OZONE LAYER
***an inversion aloft with freezing temperature below can result in _________ FREEZING RAIN
**______ is the indicated altitude of an aiplane`s altimeter corrected for temperature variation form standard atmospheric temperature , ______ is an approximation of true altitude CORRECTED ALTITUDE actual atmospheric pressure at field elevation STATION PRESSURE
thunderstorm embedded in clouds or thick haze layers and therefore can not be seen EMBEDDED THUNDERSTORM
_____ of thunderstorm , a cumulus cloud is building and there are continuous updraft. updraft exceed _______ in cumulus stage CUMULUS STAGE , 3000FPM
_____ of a thunderstorm begins when rain begins falling at the surface . in this stage , updraft can be _______fpm MATURE STAGE , 6000FPM
thunderstorm downdraft can be expected to exceed _____fpm 2500FPM
most often result from surface heating . precipitation forms inside of updraft so retards the updraft . reverses it to a downdraft. life cycle is 20min - 1 hour . maximum intensity is middle and late afternoon AIR-MASS THUNDERSTORM
usually associated with weather systems . precipitation often forms outside of updraft . persists several hours STEADY-STATE THUNDERSTORM
cumulonimbus cloud with hanging protuberances like poucheds or udders on the underside of cloud. usually indicates severe turbulenceand tornado CUMULUNIMBUS MAMMA
is a non frontal narrow band of active thunderstorms that develop in moist , unstable air ahead of a cold front SQUALL LINE
**precipitation intensity as 1____ 2____ 3____4_____ LIGHT , MODERATE , HEAVY , EXTREAM
**rain that falls through colder air and becomes supercooled , freezing on impact FREEZING RAIN
_____ is alway indicate freezing rain at higher altitude PL ( ICE PALLET ) 참고로 기온역전현상이 고고도에 있을때 , 1 freezing rain 존재 , 지표에선 ice pallet 현상 . 내 고도의 기온이above freezing level 일때 , wet snow
*when ____ is encountered , it indicates the temperature is above freezing at flight altitude WET SNOW
frost forms when temperature _____ , dewpoint ______
when frost form on the aircraft surface? BELOW FREEZING , BELOW FREEZING, clear clam night light wind
____ is the direct deposition of water vapor to ice crystal FROST
**frozen dew is ________ , frost is ______ WHITE AND TRANSPERENT , WHITE AND OPAQUE
conditions that are conducive to the formation of clear ice include an outside temperature is _______ 0도 ~ -10도
pilot should check for ice accumulation prior to flight by using _______ to scan the surface of the airflame and watch _______ FLASH LIGHT , LIGHTS REFLECTION
the amount of residual ice increases as airspeed ______ , temperature ______ DECREASE , DECREASE
*maximum winds associated with jet stream occur ______ IN THE VICINITY OF BREAKS IN THE TROPOPAUSE ON THE POLAR SIDE OF JET CORE
the rate of jet stream wind speed is greater on ________ than _____ POLAR SIDE OF JETSTREAM , EQUATORIAL SIDE OF JET STREAM
the magnitude of wind shear is greater on _____ than ______ POLAR SIDE , EQUATORIAL SIDE OF JET STREAM
the jet stream is acrossing ____ front OCCULUDED FRONT
alway indicate freezing rain at higher altitude ICE PALLETS the layer from the surface to an average altitude of 7 mi , and it is characterized by an overall decrease of temperature with an increses in altitude TROPOSPHERE
the thin layer forming the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere TROPOPAUSE
*associated with the polar front or the area between the cold polar and warm tropical air masses POLAR FRONT JET STREAM *a circumpolar jetstream located on the northern peryphery of the tropical latitudes SUB TROPICAL JET STREAM *is in the stratosphere near the arctic circle during the winter month POLAR NIGHT JET STREAM
general term for a rotating , organized system of clouds and thunderstorms that originates over tropical or subtropical TROPICAL CYCLONE
a visibility- restricting phenomenon that occurs in the arctic when a cloud layer of uniform thickness overlies a snow or ice-covered surface WHITE OUT
____ is a general term for a rotating , organized system of clouds and thunderstorms that originates over tropical or subtropical TROPICAL CYCLONE
*tropical cyclone are classified according to their intensity based on average____ wind speed 1MIN
*gust in tropical cyclones can exceed the average one-minute wind speed by as much as ____ % 50%
when the wind speed is less than 5kt , the forecast is coded , which means that the wind is light and variable 9900 WIND AND TEMPERATURE ALOFT CHART731960 739960
routine weather report METAR
aviation selected weather report SPECI
____ are actual weater observation at the time indicated on the report METAR
aviation selected weather report SPECI
fully automated weather reporting station with no human intervention AUTO
the automated weahter station has a precipitation discriminator A02
visibility less than 1/4 M1/4SM **light rain shower -SHRA
**thunderstorm with heavy rain +TSRA
sudden increase of at least 16kt in average wind speed to a sustained speed of 22kt or more for at least 1 min SQ SQUALL
routine forcast TAF
ammended forecast TAF AMD
____ are weather forecasts for selected airports throughout the country . they are a source of weather to expect at your destination airport at yout ETA TAF
VV001 MEANS 100ft indefinite ceiling
SNINCR 1/10 MEANS 1INCH INCREASE AT LAST 1 HR AND TOTAL ACCUMULATION IS 10INCH
amended forcast TAF AMD
calm wind is 00000KT
weather condition expected to occur in the vicinity of the aiport VCthunderstorms are expected in the vicinity of the airport VCTS
automated weather reporting station detects that maintenace is needed on the system $
____ contain information regarding volcanic eruption , turbulence , and icing conditions for a specific region IN-FLIGHT AVIATION WEATHER ADVISORY
**____ on a surface weather chart represent lines of equal pressure reduce to sea level ISOBAR
1____ 2____ 3___ reflect the most accurate information on current and forecast icing condition PIREP , AIRMET ZULU , SIGMET
**___ provide information about the observed upper-air temperature , wind , and temperature/dewpoint spread along the poposed route. CONSTANT PRESSURE ANALYSIS CHART
____ is plotted using a star at the cloud top location SATELLITE OBSERVATION
____is plotted using a square at the aircraft location AIRCRAFT OBSERVATION
**1___ 2___ are issued to notify en route pilots of the possibility of encountering hazardous flying condition AIRMET , SIGMET
**convective sigmets indicating a LVL 5 means ____ INTENSE THUNDERSTORM
**a pilot can expect icing when flying in 1____ , between 온도 _____ VISIBLE MOISTURE , +2도 ~ - 10도
____: ice become perceptible
dispatchers and flight crew members can use _____ to determine an overview of selected flying weather condition MID-LEVEL SIGNIFICANT WEATHER PROGNOSTIC CHART
____ provides flight crews of properly equipped aircraft with a flight deck display of flight operational information . it is designed to provide coverage from ____ to ____ FISDL , 5,000FT AGL , 17,500FT MSL
___ are generated using weather data from the TDWR or the integrated terminal weather system testbed. TWIP
data that may be added to AWOS is limited to 1___ 2___ 3___ TS , PRECIPITAITON , VISIBILITY LESS THAN 3SM
___ are the only cloud type forecast in the terminal aerodrome forecast CUMULONIMBUS
_____ are the only indicated by PROB group 1. THUNDERSTORM 2. OTHER PRECIPITAITION
**constant pressure alalysis charts contain contours , isotherms , and some contain isotach, the contours depict 1___2___3___4___ TROUGH , RIDGE , LOWS , HIGHS ALOFT
convective outlook section is valid _____ 2HR - 6HR AFTER THE VALID TIME
convective sigmets are issued for severe thunderstorms occuring ________ MORE THAN 30MIN REGARDLESS OF SIZE
____may be issued when any of the specific conditions occur or are expected to occur in an area deemed to have a significant effect o n the safety of aircraft operations SIGMET
what weather database can a dispatcher access concerning wind shear activity at an airport TWIP
thunderstorm activity that may grow to severe intensity is indicated on the severe weather outlook chart as APCHG
it is a change in wind velocity over a given distance WINDSHEAR
a rapid change in wind direction or velocity causing airspeed changes greater than 15kt or vertical speed changes greater than 500fpm SEVERE WIND SHEAR
**________is best defined as turbulence encountered 1__2___3___4___ CAT 1. outside of convective cloud . 2. the vicinity of cirrus and standing lenticular cloud 3. associated with high level wind shear 4. the vicinity of jetstream
when making an altitude change to get out of jet stream turbulence you should 1____ 2____ descend if the ambient temperature is falling climb if the ambient temperature is increasing
____ is small scale intense downdrafts from thunderstorms that , on reacing the surface , spread outward in all directions from downdraft center MICROBURST
horizontal winds of microburst near the surface can be as strong as ___ , total ____ 45KT , 90KT
streamers of precipitation that evaporate before reaching the groung , known as ____ , can indicate the presence of a microburst VIRGA
____ are created when airplanes develop lift WINGTIP VORTEX , INDUCED DRAG , WAKE TURBULENCE
____ can result in an upwind voltex remaining in the touchdown zone for a longer period of time LIGHT CROSSWIND
___ hold the voltices of preceding aircraft on the runway for the longest period of time LIGHT QUATERING TAIL WIND
is a state of oxygen deficiency in the body sufficient to unpair functions of the brain and other organs . it is caused by reduced barometric pressure at incresed altitude. symptom is 1. initial feeling euphoria , 2. headache , 3. delay reaction time 4. unconsciousness HYPOXIA
the result of insufficient oxygen being available to the body the reduction of available oxygen at high altitude HYPOXIC HYPOXIA
when the blood is unable to take up and transport and adequate amount of oxygen to the cells even though and adequate supply is available for intake. a lack of blood or blood donation . CO poisoning HYPEMIC HYPOXIA
when an adequate amount of oxygen-rich blood is available in the lungs but unable to be transferred to the cells . usually identified by arm or leg . STAGNANT HYPOXIA
the inability of the cells to effectively use the oxygen carried by the blood. alcohol , drug or poison HISTOTOXIC HYPOXIA
it has and adverse effect on pilots , especially as altitude increases. it decreases mental capability and renders pilots more susceptible to disorientation and hypoxia ALCOHOL
it results from an abnormal increases in the volume of breathing. the result is an excessive amount of carbon dioxide being removed from the body HYPERVENTILATION
scanning procedure for effective collision avoidance should constitute look outside _____ , inside _____ 15SEC, 5SEC
at night , one should scan for traffic slowly to permit _______ OFF CENTER VIEWING
a threat of collision exists if an aircraft ahead appears to have no lateral or vertical movement and is ______ INCREASING SIZE
pilot who use body sensations to interpret flight attitudes are more subject to ________________ SPARTIAL DISORIENTATION
____ can be difined as a systematic approach to the mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances ADM AERONAUTICAL DECISION MAKING
**____ is the part of the decision-making process that relies on 1_____ 2_____ 3____to reduce risks and manage _____ associated with each flight RISK MANAGEMENT , PROBLEM RECOGNITION , GOOD JEDGEMENT ,MANAGE EXTERNAL PRESSURE , EXERNAL PRESSURE
**____ put time-related pressures on the pilot and factor into a majority of accidents EXTERNAL PRESSURE
***____ with meeting a specific goal impairs pilot judgement , sometimes causing the pilot to disregard any alternative course of action FIXATION
five fundamental risk elements in the ADM process that comprise any given aviation situation are FLIGHT PILOT PLANE ENVIRONMENT TYPE OF OPERATION
**example of ______ that even experienced pilot may fall into , and that often lead to accidents and incidents , include the compulsion to complete a flight as planned , the determination to _______ CLASSIC BEHAVIOR TRAP , GET THE JOB DONE
an example of ______ is not cross checking the heading indicator with the runway for correct runway heading and alignment prior to takeoff OPERATIONAL PITFALL
**____ is an excellent example of an analytical decision - making process DECIDE
**____ is an attitude or tendency to act in a certain way. while not the most important factor , understanding ______ can help alleviate risk, many experience pilots fall prey to dangerous tendencies or behavioral problems that must be identified and eliminated , including 1____2___3____4____ PREDISPOSITION , PREDISPOSITION PEER PRESSURE , SCUD RUNNING , LOSS OF SA , OPERATING WITHOUT ADEQUATE FUEL RESERVE
____ is the accurate perception and understanding of all the factors and conditions within the five fundamental risk elements that affect safety before , during , after the flight SA SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
***____ is a motivaltional predisposition to respond to people , situation , or events in a given manner. it has an effect on decision ATTITUDE
____ is the body`s response to physical and psychological demands placed upon it . STRESS
____ is used to describe an element that causes an individualto experience stress example of this 1___ 2___ 3___ STRESSOR , PHYSICAL STRESS , PSYCOLOGICAL STRESS , PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS
**___ is defined as a physiological state of reduced metal or physical performance capability resulting from lack of sleep or increased physical activity that can reduce a flight crew member`s aleartness and ability to safely operate an aircraft ro perform safety - related duties FATIGUE
___ is a feeling of fatigue that causes a temporary degradation performance and occurs immediately after waking up SLEEP INERTIA
***skill fatigue is in acute fatigue , it has two main effect on performance 1____ 2____ TIMING DISRUPTION - timing is slightly off , so operation is less smooth . DISRUPTION OF THE PERCEPTUAL FIELD - concentrating attention upon movements or objects in the center of vision and neglecting those in the periphery. it is accocompanied by loss of accuracy and smoothness in control movement
one purpose of crew resource management is to give crews tools to 1____2___ RECOGNIZE HAZARD , MITIGATE HAZARD
the goal of all flight crews is _____ , the use of ___ is oneway to make good decision GOOD ADM , CRM
crm training is comprised of three component 1___ 2___ 3___ INITIAL INDOCTRINATION/AWARENESS , FEEDBACK , CONINUAL REINFORCEMENT
*five traits were discovered in pilot prone to having accidents . these pilot 1__2__3__4__5__ 1. have disdain toward rule 2. have very high correlation between accidents on their flying record and safety violation on their driving record 3. frequently fall into the thrill and adventure seeking 4.impulsive rather rhan methodical and disciplined , both in their information gathering and in the speed and selection of actions to be taken 5. have disregard for or underutilization of outside sources of information, including copilot , flight attendent , flight service personnel , flight instructors , and atc
runway incursion have identified three major areas .1___ 2___ 3___ 1.failure to comply with atc instruction 2. lack of airport familiarity 3.nonconformance with standard operating procedure
***___ is a function that encourages and trains crews to cross-check each other. this practice can enhance flight safety and _____ CREW MONITORING , CFIT
***____ can be taught and increases with experience through accident - free flight hours GOOD JUDGEMENT
erros , such as a proficent and current pilot failing to notice the landing gear not being extended for landing , do not result form a liack of systems training or procedures knowledge. this is a failure to ________ DETECT THE PROBLEM
change in wind velocity over a given distance WIND SHEAR
the effect of a prolonged constant-rate turn under IFR conditions followed by an abrupt head movement that creates the illusion of rotation on an entirely different axis COLIOLIS ILLUSION
occur during a rapid acceleration takeoff and creates the illusion that the airplane is in a nose-up attitude SOMATOGRAVIC ILLUSION
occur in the dark when a pilot stares at a stationary light for a period of time , creating the illusion that the light is moving about AUTOKINESIS detect estimate choose identify do evaluate the most important key of risk management MANAGEMENT OF EXTERNAL PRESSURE
one purpose of crew resource management is to give crews tools to 1____2____ RECOGNIZE HAZARD , MITIGATE HAZARD
how often are NOTAM broadcast to pilot on a scheduled basis HOURLY , APPENDED TH THE WEATHER BROADCAST
what would athorized an air carrier to conduct a special instrument approach procedure OPERATIONS SPECIFICATIONS
when a pilot`s flight time consists of 80 hours pilot in command in a particular type airplane , how does minimums for the destination airport DH 100FT , VIS 1/2 INCREASE
military training routes above 1,500ft are depicts on _____ IFR LOW ENROUTE CHART
which type cloud is associated with violent turbulence an a tendency toward the production of funnel cloud CUMULONIMBUS MAMMA
which type storms are most likely to produce funnel clouds or tornadoes SQUALL LINE & COLD FRONT
what type turbulence should be reported when it momentarily cause slight , erratic changes in altitude and or attitude , one third - two thirds of the time INTERMITTENT LIGHT TURBULENCE
volcanic ash advisory charts ar e updated every _____ hrs 6HR
crm training 구성 3가지
initial indoctrination / practice and feed back / continual reinforcement
crm error management 구성 3
error prevention , error detection , recovery form the error
all experienced pilot have fallen prey to
peer pressure , lose of sa , operating inadequate fuel reserve
risk management is the part of ADM , which relies on
SA , problem recognition , good judgement
모의문제 How does V(NE) speed vary with altitude? 안변함. VMO / MMO는 고도 상승 에 따라 감소
In what cases can it not be used as an alternative airport? 1. NAVAID UNMORNITOR 2. GPS BASE APPROACH 3. WEATHER MINIMUM 위의 3가지 조건에선 대체공항 수립 X
when is the crew monitioring function is essential EVERY PHASE OF FLIGHT , ESPECIALLY APPROACH AND LANDING
how the stability of the atmosphere be determined AMBIENT TEMPERATURE RAPSE RATE
which is an effect of ice , snow , frost formation on an airplane ? STALLING ANGLE OF ATTACK WILL DECREASE BEFORE STALL WARNING DEVICE INDICATES THE STALL 1. weight increase 2. skin friction drag increase 3. stall speed decrease
when leaving ground effect , the airplane will require ____ to maintain the same lift coefficient , which will increase _____ HIGHER ANGLE OF ATTACK , INDUCED DRAG
what is the expected function of wing - mounted vortex generators 1___2___ 1. DELAYS THE ONSET OF DRAG DIVERGENCE AT HIGH SPEED 2. AIDS TO REMAIN AILERON EFFECTIVENESS AT HIGH SPEED
how nuch of the kinetic energy will increase if the landing weight is increased by 10% 21% INCREASE KINETIC ENERGY
***airport information signs , used to provide destination or information, have ____ inscriptions on a ____ background BLACK , YELLOW
the airport markings , signage , lighting associated with land and hold short operations (LAHSO) consist of ____ ____ signage , ____ marking , and some airports in-pavement lights. 색깔이뭔지 RED AND WHITE , YELLOW
which IFR fix should be entered on a composite flight plan? THE FIX WHERE THE IFR PORTION IS TO BE TERMINATED. LAST IFR FIX
what is the purpose of an off route clearnace altitude depicted on an IFR enrote navigation chart? 1___2___ FOR EMERGENCY , INCREASE SA
while being vectored to the final approach course of an IFR approach , when may the pilot descend to published altitude? ONLY WHEN APPROACH CONTROL CLEARS THE FLIGHT FOR THE APPROACH
to manage flight deck stress , a pilot should 1____ 2___ TRY TO RELAX , THINK RATIONALLY AT THE FIRST SIGN OF THE STRESS
**an air carrirer crew fixated on completing the last flight of a four day trip often may exhibit ______ GET THERE IT IS
automatic decision making is ________ A REFLECXIVE TYPE OF DECISION MAKING
